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Evaluation of Fossil Amber Birefringence and Inclusions Using Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy.

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Terahertz nondestructive evaluation using cross-polarization can map stress in polymers. This method accurately measures stress in visibly opaque materials like amber, even around inclusions.

Keywords:
amberbirefringencenondestructive evaluationphotoelasticitystressterahertz

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Optics and Photonics
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • Birefringence is a key property of polymers, related to stress.
  • Visible light methods for stress analysis are limited by material opacity.
  • Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy offers a potential alternative for opaque materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a terahertz nondestructive evaluation (NDE) method for polymer stress analysis.
  • To create stress maps of polymeric materials using cross-polarization terahertz transmission.
  • To compare terahertz stress measurements with visible light photoelasticity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a cross-polarization transmission geometry for terahertz (THz) measurements.
  • Employed a deconvolution method to analyze THz pulse arrival times and amplitudes.
  • Applied the technique to amber (a natural polymer) and compared results with visible photoelasticity.

Main Results:

  • Generated normalized birefringence and intrinsic stress direction maps for amber.
  • Demonstrated that inclusion-free amber samples exhibit uniaxial birefringence in the THz range.
  • Observed good agreement between THz-inferred stress directions and visible photoelasticity measurements.
  • Successfully visualized localized stress concentrations around inclusions in amber.

Conclusions:

  • Terahertz nondestructive evaluation with cross-polarization is a robust method for polymer stress analysis.
  • This technique is particularly valuable for visibly opaque polymers, like certain types of amber.
  • The method provides high-resolution stress mapping, including stress around material inclusions.