Soaring Systematics: An Evaluation of Biogeography and Flight Behavior in Dragonflies and Damselflies (Insecta:...

Dragonflies and damselflies (Insecta: Odonata) are descended from what were most likely the first winged animals, which flew ~320 million years ago (Ma). They comprise ~6400 extant species distributed across all continents except Antarctica. Examination of long-standing hypotheses regarding the role of flight behavior and wing morphology in shaping the global distribution of odonates has been limited by spatial and taxonomic scope. Here, we leverage mobilized trait and distribution data derived from specimens and literature combined with a uniquely comprehensive target-enriched phylogeny (~940 loci) covering all families and 67% of recognized genera. Ancestral state reconstruction of flight behavior strategies ("flyer" vs. "percher") suggests the odonate ancestor was a flyer, spending a majority of its time when active on the wing, with multiple independent transitions to percher. Several transitions back to the flyer behavior have also occurred. Aspect ratios for forewings and hindwings showed a strong relationship between these traits and perching and flying behavioral strategies. Divergence time estimation suggests the crown age of Odonata to be 290-325 Ma. Bayesian biogeographical evolutionary analysis of nine biogeographical realms provides a preliminary biogeographical history for odonates spanning 325 Ma. Key family-level splits occurred during the Jurassic and Cretaceous, paralleling the increasing isolation of landmasses and the poleward drift of the contemporary Australasian and Holarctic regions. Both behavioral and morphological adaptations likely facilitated the distributional success of select odonate lineages. This study lays the foundation for a revised classification of odonates and a more complete understanding of the influence of flight behavior and wing morphology in relation to evolutionary processes shaping past and current odonate diversity.