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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 16, 2025

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

Published on: November 18, 2022

Self-Sensing Antenna for Soil Moisture: Beacon Approach.

Maja Škiljo¹, Zoran Blažević¹, Lea Dujić-Rodić¹

¹Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture in Split, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|December 23, 2022

Summary

Optimizing antenna design for underground use significantly improves soil moisture sensing. A narrow-band antenna in LoRa-based systems enhances reliability for the Internet of Underground Things (IoUT).

Keywords:

Internet of things Internet of underground things LoRa PIFA agriculture antenna design matching radio sensing soil electrical properties soil irrigation

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Published on: May 1, 2018

Area of Science:

Electrical Engineering
Agricultural Technology
Sensor Networks

Background:

Transitioning from the Internet of Things (IoT) to the Internet of Underground Things (IoUT) presents significant antenna design challenges.
Existing IoUT research often uses standard helical antennas or wideband designs, which may not be optimal for underground environments.
Soil properties like moisture content affect radio wave propagation, impacting antenna performance and signal strength.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose and evaluate a narrow-band antenna design optimized for underground soil moisture sensing.
To improve the reliability and accuracy of soil moisture estimation in IoUT applications.
To demonstrate the effectiveness of antenna optimization for sensorless soil moisture monitoring.

Main Methods:

Development of a narrow-band antenna specifically designed for underground deployment.
Utilizing a LoRa-based system combined with machine learning for soil moisture estimation using signal strength.
Conducting proof-of-concept measurements and full-wave simulations to analyze antenna performance in varying soil moisture conditions.

Main Results:

A substantial difference in reflection coefficient (10 dB measured, up to 40 dB simulated) was observed with a 20% increase in soil moisture.
The narrow-band antenna design demonstrated significantly improved signal level detection compared to standard approaches.
The optimized antenna facilitates reliable radio sensing for sensorless soil moisture extraction.

Conclusions:

Optimized narrow-band antennas are crucial for effective soil moisture sensing in IoUT.
The proposed antenna design enhances the performance of LoRa-based systems for underground applications.
This approach offers a promising direction for reliable and cost-effective sensorless soil monitoring.