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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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A superconductor is a substance that offers zero resistance to the electric current when it drops below a critical temperature. Zero resistance is not the only interesting phenomenon as materials reach their transition temperatures. A second effect is the exclusion of magnetic fields. This is known as the Meissner effect. A light, permanent magnet placed over a superconducting sample will levitate in a stable position above the superconductor. High-speed trains that levitate on strong...
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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
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Surface Cooper-Pair Spin Waves in Triplet Superconductors.

Nicholas R Poniatowski1, Jonathan B Curtis1,2, Charlotte G L Bøttcher1

  • 1Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.

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|December 23, 2022
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We identified new spin waves in spin triplet superconductors. Detecting these surface spin waves can help identify spin triplet superconductivity.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Materials
  • Superconductivity

Background:

  • Spin triplet superconductors exhibit complex electrodynamics due to dipolar interactions.
  • These interactions couple collective spin dynamics with orbital Meissner screening currents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the electrodynamics of spin triplet superconductors with dipolar interactions.
  • To identify novel spin wave modes arising from coupled spin and electromagnetic dynamics.
  • To propose a method for detecting these modes to identify spin triplet superconductivity.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of spin triplet superconductor electrodynamics.
  • Analysis of coupled dynamics between the triplet order parameter and electromagnetic fields.
  • Investigation of magnetostatic spin wave modes localized at sample surfaces.

Main Results:

  • Identified a class of spin waves originating from coupled spin and electromagnetic dynamics.
  • Characterized magnetostatic spin wave modes localized to the sample surface.
  • Demonstrated that these surface modes can be excited and detected experimentally.

Conclusions:

  • Surface spin waves in spin triplet superconductors are a consequence of coupled spin and electromagnetic dynamics.
  • Experimental detection of these surface modes, via techniques like microwave spectroscopy or NV magnetometry, can serve as a signature for spin triplet superconductivity.