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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area01:23

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area

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Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are...
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Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model01:15

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Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
This process starts with a thin layer, saturated with the drug, forming at the interface between the solid and liquid. The solute then diffuses from this layer into the main solution. The Noyes-Whitney equation suggests that the rate of dissolution relies on the diffusion...
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Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the...
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Unsoundness of Aggregate due to Volume Change01:26

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Unsoundness in aggregates due to volume changes is primarily caused by the physical alterations aggregates undergo, such as freezing and thawing, thermal changes, and wetting and drying. Unsound aggregates, when subjected to these changes, result in volume change upon disintegration. This, in turn, contributes to the deterioration of concrete, including scaling, pop-outs, and cracking. Particular types of aggregates, such as porous flints, cherts, and those containing clay minerals, are...
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Constructing a roadway embankment over uneven terrain requires precise leveling to ensure stability and proper drainage. Surveyors use a leveling instrument and staff to calculate ground elevations and determine the required fill material at each point along the embankment alignment.The process begins by positioning a leveling instrument near a benchmark with a known elevation. A backsight reading establishes the instrument height, which serves as a reference for subsequent measurements. A...
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Precipitation Processes

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Effect of grain dissolution on sloping ground.

Minsu Cha1, J Carlos Santamarina2

  • 1Department of Civil Engineering, College of Ocean Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju-Si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea. mcha@office.jejunu.ac.kr.

Scientific Reports
|December 23, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mineral dissolution significantly impacts slope stability by altering particle structures and causing mass wasting. Dissolution leads to increased porosity and horizontal displacement, especially on steeper slopes, potentially causing slides in saturated conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Geotechnical Engineering
  • Geomechanics
  • Soil Science

Background:

  • Slope stability is crucial for natural and constructed environments.
  • The effects of mineral dissolution on slope behavior are not well understood.
  • Dissolution phenomena can compromise the integrity of geological formations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the microscale and macroscale consequences of mineral dissolution on slope stability.
  • To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of dissolution-induced slope deformation and failure.
  • To provide particle-level and macroscale insights into slope behavior under dissolution.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental investigations of mineral dissolution effects.
  • Discrete element simulations (DEM) to model particle-level interactions.
  • Analysis of microscale (grain arches, porosity) and macroscale (settlement, lateral movement) changes.

Main Results:

  • Microscale: Development of load-carrying grain arches, increased porosity, and honeycomb-like force chain topology.
  • Macroscale: Predominant vertical settlements, significant lateral mass wasting on slopes, and linear decrease in horizontal displacement with depth.
  • Steeper slopes and sediments with lower friction angles exhibit greater vertical and horizontal displacements.
  • Dissolution flattens slopes, with reduction directly proportional to elevation loss; however, vertical shortening is less than predicted by solid mass loss due to fabric changes.
  • Water-saturated conditions post-dissolution can trigger sudden undrained shear and slope slides.

Conclusions:

  • Mineral dissolution fundamentally alters slope fabric, leading to complex deformation patterns and potential instability.
  • The study provides a mechanistic understanding of how dissolution affects granular materials and slope geometry.
  • Findings highlight the critical role of saturation in triggering catastrophic slope failures following dissolution.