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Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics01:17

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics

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Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
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Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the...
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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Physiological barriers are semi-permeable cellular structures restricting drug diffusion into intracellular compartments and tissues. There are six types of physiological barriers: blood endothelial, cell membrane, blood-brain, blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood-placenta, and blood-testis barriers.
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In concrete, the pore size distribution significantly influences the material's properties. Capillary pores, markedly larger than gel pores, form a vast network within partially hydrated cement paste, reducing the concrete's strength and increasing its permeability. This heightened permeability leads to a greater risk of damage from environmental factors like freeze-thaw cycles and chemical attacks, with the extent of vulnerability also being tied to the water-to-cement ratio.
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Dialysis is a diffusion-based purification process that separates analyte molecules from a complex matrix. This is accomplished by allowing molecules in the solution to pass through a semipermeable membrane into a liquid on the other side. The membrane is usually made of cellulose acetate or cellulose nitrate, and the second liquid must be miscible with the solution. Ions (e.g., chloride or sodium) or organic molecules (e.g., glucose) can pass through the membrane pores, which generally have...
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Updated: Jun 13, 2025

Two-Dimensional Visualization and Quantification of Labile, Inorganic Plant Nutrients and Contaminants in Soil
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Understanding the limits of binary diffusion for enhanced clay barrier design.

Jooyoung Im1, J Carlos Santamarina2

  • 1Energy Resources & Petroleum Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.

PNAS Nexus
|September 12, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bentonite

Keywords:
coupled processesdiffusionwaste containment

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Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Engineering

Background:

  • Bentonite is crucial for waste containment due to its sealing properties.
  • Previous studies on ionic diffusion in bentonite showed deviations from binary diffusion models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the discrepancies in ionic diffusion through bentonite.
  • To understand the role of preexisting ions in differential cation and anion transport.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental analysis of ionic diffusion in bentonite.
  • Complementary analyses to study ion migration and electroneutrality.

Main Results:

  • Preeexisting ion migration drives differential flux of anions and cations, maintaining electroneutrality.
  • Ion separation (cationic vs. anionic fronts) depends on ion valence, concentration, and self-diffusion.
  • Forcing binary diffusion conditions restricts faster anions to cation diffusion rates.

Conclusions:

  • Effective bentonite barriers require low surface charge to minimize cation and anion transport.
  • Reducing excess salts in bentonite is essential to limit preexisting ionic concentration and improve containment.