Class climate, adolescent financial and academic strain, and depressive symptoms

Understanding the risk and protective factors that influence the trajectory of depressive symptoms may help schools better support students in adolescence. The present study used a multilevel framework to examine the effects of adolescent perceptions of financial strain, academic strain, and class climate on their depressive symptoms in the context of Confucian collectivism and an exam-centered culture. The study also investigated the multi-level moderating effects of students' perceptions of class climate and gender on the association between perceptions of strains and depressive symptoms. Drawing on a sample of 13,087 adolescents aged 12-18 years (mean age = 14.53, SD = 1.228) from 28 counties/districts in China, multilevel analysis was conducted, with demographic factors controlled for. The results revealed that the perceptions of financial strain and academic strain were significantly and positively associated with adolescent depressive symptoms, while class climate was significantly and negatively associated with depressive symptoms. Notably, the association between financial strain and depressive symptoms was moderated by class climate at the class level, the association was weaker in classes with a more positive class climate. Furthermore, the results revealed that academic strain was more positively associated with depressive symptoms among female adolescents than male adolescents. These findings highlight the importance of cultivating adolescents in a class climate with the aim of alleviating the financial strain and academic strain; they also indicate the importance of applying gender-specific efforts in programs with an academic strain and depression focus.