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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
247
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
226
Two-Compartment Open Model: IV Infusion01:15

Two-Compartment Open Model: IV Infusion

301
A two-compartment model is a vital tool in pharmacokinetics, providing an essential understanding of drug behavior, especially for those administered via zero-order intravenous infusion. This model outlines two compartments: the central compartment, where elimination occurs, and the peripheral compartment.
The model illustrates the decrease in plasma drug concentration from the central compartment with a specific equation. It shows that under steady-state conditions, the drug's input rate...
301
Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

712
The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
712
Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral01:25

Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral

2.1K
The administration of drugs via parenteral routes allows for direct drug introduction into the systemic circulation, resulting in high bioavailability because the medication bypasses the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and hepatic metabolism.
The intravenous route (IV) of drug administration can be further categorized into two types. The bolus injection administers the entire dose rapidly, while an intravenous infusion slowly delivers smaller doses steadily.
The IV route is often...
2.1K
Two-Compartment Open Model: IV Bolus Administration01:18

Two-Compartment Open Model: IV Bolus Administration

648
The two-compartment model for intravenous (IV) bolus administration illustrates drug distribution in the body, subdividing it into central and peripheral compartments. This model operates on the concept of two-compartment kinetics. The drug's plasma concentration shows a bi-exponential decline following IV bolus administration, signaling the presence of two disposition processes: distribution and elimination.
The disparity between drug input and the sum of drug transfer rates between...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 16, 2025

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
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Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusions: Closing the Loop.

Carlos A Díaz-Balzac1, David Pillinger1, Steven D Wittlin1

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
|December 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusions (CSIIs) and continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) significantly improve diabetes management by mimicking the pancreas. These technologies enhance glycemic control and quality of life, nearing an artificial pancreas.

Keywords:
DIYartificial pancreascontinuous glucose monitorcontinuous subcutaneous insulin infusiondiabetes mellitushypoglycemiainsulin pumps

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Diabetes Technology
  • Metabolic Disease Management

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus (DM) management focuses on glycemic control to prevent complications.
  • Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusions (CSIIs) and continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) have advanced diabetes care.
  • Technological progress has brought systems closer to an artificial pancreas (AP).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature on CSII and CGM in diabetes management.
  • To highlight the impact of integrated CSII and CGM systems.
  • To discuss the potential of these technologies in achieving AP functionality.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on CSII and CGM.
  • Synthesis of evidence regarding the efficacy and impact of these technologies.
  • Analysis of current advancements and future directions in AP development.

Main Results:

  • CSII and CGM systems provide integrated, safe, and uninterrupted glycemic control.
  • These systems mimic endogenous insulin secretion, reducing hypoglycemia and improving quality of life.
  • Evidence supports sustained improvements in glycemic control and reduced hypoglycemic events.

Conclusions:

  • CSII and CGM are effective tools for managing DM across diverse populations and contexts.
  • These technologies significantly improve DM management, approaching AP capabilities.
  • Cost and accessibility remain barriers to wider adoption of these advanced diabetes technologies.