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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

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The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
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Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Hallucinations and Delusions01:30

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Hallucinations and Delusions

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Schizophrenia is a complex mental health disorder that can manifest with various positive symptoms, including thought, movement, and behavior disorders. These symptoms significantly disrupt cognitive and motor functions, leading to profound effects on an individual's ability to engage with the world.
Thought Disorders
Disorganized and unusual thought processes mark thought disorders in schizophrenia. One key feature is disorganized speech, where an individual's conversation includes...
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Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
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Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

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Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
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Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects01:21

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are widely used for muscle paralysis and relieving pain following any muscle injury or stiffness. However, depending on the drug type, they can have adverse effects that range from mild to severe. Usually, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers have minimal side effects. For example, drugs like d-tubocurarine, cisatracurium, and rocuronium cause hypotension, whereas drugs like baclofen, when stopped abruptly, can lead to the recurrence of spastic conditions.
Unlike...
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Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants01:28

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are a group of drugs that can reduce muscle stiffness and induce temporary paralysis to relieve pain. These agents can act centrally to reduce muscle tone or spasms in painful conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or spinal injuries; they are called antispasmodics or spasmolytics.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 16, 2025

Generating Acute and Chronic Experimental Models of Motor Tic Expression in Rats
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[Myoclonus, Chorea, and Ballism].

Katsuya Kobayashi1, Akio Ikeda

  • 1Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Hospital.

Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No Shinpo
|December 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Myoclonus, chorea, and ballism are involuntary movements often linked to hereditary diseases. Understanding their distinct characteristics and family history is crucial for diagnosis and management.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Movement Disorders

Context:

  • Myoclonus, chorea, and ballism are distinct involuntary hyperkinetic movement disorders.
  • These conditions often present with hypotonic or orthotonic muscle tone.
  • Hereditary diseases are frequently implicated in their underlying pathophysiology.

Purpose:

  • To differentiate between myoclonus, chorea, and ballism based on their clinical features.
  • To highlight the importance of family history in investigating these movement disorders.

Summary:

  • Myoclonus involves sudden, shock-like involuntary movements without loss of awareness (LOA), unless generalized and prolonged (>3s).
  • Chorea is defined by gross, generalized movements without LOA.
  • Ballism presents as rapid, violent, and lateralized limb movements, typically proximal, without LOA.

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Impact:

  • Improved diagnostic accuracy for hyperkinetic movement disorders.
  • Enhanced understanding of the clinical spectrum of involuntary movements.
  • Emphasis on genetic factors in movement disorder etiology.