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Related Concept Videos

Photoluminescence: Applications01:14

Photoluminescence: Applications

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Photoluminescence offers a wide range of applications due to its inherent sensitivity and selectivity. This technique allows for both direct and indirect analyses of the analyte. Direct quantitative analysis is possible when the analyte exhibits a favorable quantum yield for fluorescence or phosphorescence. However, an indirect analysis may be feasible if the analyte is not fluorescent or phosphorescent, or if the quantum yield is unfavorable. Indirect methods include reacting the analyte with...
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Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, such as phosphate ions (PO43-), found in soil, water, sediment and rocks. Phosphorus is often a limiting nutrient (i.e., in short supply). Consequently, phosphorus is added to most agricultural fertilizers, which can cause environmental problems related to runoff in aquatic ecosystems.
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For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
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Fluorometers and spectrofluorometers are two types of instruments used for measuring molecular fluorescence. These instruments differ in how they select excitation and emission wavelengths and the type of light sources they utilize. Fluorometers use absorption interference filters to choose excitation and emission wavelengths. The excitation source in a fluorometer is typically a low-pressure mercury vapor lamp that emits intense lines distributed throughout the ultraviolet and visible regions.
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The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
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Updated: Aug 15, 2025

Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method
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Phosphates form spectroscopically dark state assemblies in common aqueous solutions.

Joshua S Straub1, Mesopotamia S Nowotarski2, Jiaqi Lu3

  • 1Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|December 29, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Phosphates form dynamic, spectroscopically invisible assemblies in dilute solutions. This discovery reveals a new property of phosphate

Keywords:
assemblydark statedehydrationphosphate

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Biophysics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Phosphates and polyphosphates are essential in biological structures and energy storage.
  • The solution behavior of phosphate species is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the solution phase behavior of phosphate species.
  • To identify novel aggregation states of phosphates in biological solutions.

Main Methods:

  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
  • Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy (cryo-TEM)
  • Diffusion-Ordered Spectroscopy (DOSY)
  • Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations

Main Results:

  • Phosphate species (orthophosphates, pyrophosphates, adenosine phosphates) form dynamic, "dark" assemblies in dilute solutions.
  • Cryo-TEM visualized spherical assemblies (tens of nanometers); NMR confirmed "dark" populations in exchange with free ions.
  • Assembly formation is reversibly and entropically driven by partial dehydration, confirmed by DOSY and MD simulations.

Conclusions:

  • Phosphate-containing molecules readily form dynamic assemblies under common solution conditions.
  • This represents a previously unreported property of phosphate's native state in biological solutions.
  • The findings have implications for understanding phosphate behavior in biological systems.