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Related Concept Videos

Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Retroviruses02:33

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors
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Shaping the host cell environment with viral noncoding RNAs.

Carlos Gorbea1, Abdalla Elhakiem1, Demián Cazalla1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
|December 29, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Viruses use noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) to control cellular environments, regulating replication, latency, and immune evasion. Studying viral ncRNAs from adenoviruses and herpesviruses reveals insights into host cell RNA mechanisms.

Keywords:
Gene expressionLong noncoding RNASm-class RNAViral noncoding RNAmiRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Virology
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • Viruses, like host cells, produce various noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs).
  • Viral ncRNAs are often complexed with cellular proteins to perform functions.
  • These ncRNAs play critical roles in viral life cycles and host interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse functions of ncRNAs expressed by adenoviruses and herpesviruses.
  • To elucidate how viral ncRNAs contribute to the infection process.
  • To highlight insights gained into cellular RNA-based mechanisms through studying viral ncRNAs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on adenoviruses and herpesviruses.
  • Analysis of documented functions of viral noncoding RNAs.
  • Synthesis of information on viral ncRNA-host protein interactions and their impact.

Main Results:

  • Viral ncRNAs regulate critical viral processes including replication, latency, and reactivation.
  • These ncRNAs are key in evading host immune responses and promoting cellular transformation.
  • Specific examples of ncRNA functions in adenoviruses and herpesviruses are detailed.

Conclusions:

  • Viral ncRNAs are essential effectors of viral pathogenesis and host manipulation.
  • The study of viral ncRNAs provides valuable insights into fundamental RNA biology within host cells.
  • Further research into viral ncRNAs can uncover novel therapeutic targets.