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Repeated conditionally automated driving on the road: How do drivers leave the loop over time?
J Dillmann1, R J R Den Hartigh2, C M Kurpiers3
1Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; BMW Group Research and Development, Munich, Germany.
Accident; Analysis and Prevention
|December 30, 2022
Summary
Drivers adapt to conditional vehicle automation (SAE L3) by taking over control faster with repeated exposure. Gaze behavior off the road increased within rides but stabilized over time.
Area of Science:
- Human-Computer Interaction
- Automotive Engineering
- Cognitive Psychology
Background:
- Conditional vehicle automation (SAE L3) requires drivers to monitor the system and retake control when necessary.
- Understanding driver adaptation to automation is crucial for safe deployment.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate driver behavior adaptation during on-road driving with conditional automation.
- To analyze changes in takeover speed and gaze behavior over multiple driving sessions.
Main Methods:
- 21 participants drove for 50 minutes daily over three days in a simulated conditionally automated vehicle (Wizard of Oz).
- Takeover behavior and gaze patterns were recorded and analyzed during system-initiated take-over requests.
Main Results:
- Driver reaction times to non-critical takeovers averaged 5.62s, improving by 0.72s over three days.
- Gaze duration and frequency off-road increased within rides but remained stable across days.
- Urgent takeover times (5.28s) were comparable to self-paced takeovers.
Conclusions:
- Drivers adapt to conditional automation, showing faster takeovers with experience.
- Increased off-road gazing suggests drivers disengage but can re-engage effectively after repeated exposure.
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