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Quantifying Sub-Meter Surface Heterogeneity on Mars Using Off-Axis Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) Data.

B E McKeeby1, M S Ramsey1, C J Tai Udovicic2

  • 1Department of Geology and Environmental Science University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA.

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|January 2, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Surface temperature variations below instrument resolution cause emissivity spectra with negative slopes. Routine Off-nadir Targeted Observations (ROTO) reveal significant sub-pixel heterogeneities on Mars, impacting thermal emission spectra.

Keywords:
Marsanisothermalityinfraredspectroscopysurfacethermal inertia

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Area of Science:

  • Planetary Science
  • Remote Sensing
  • Geophysics

Background:

  • Surface heterogeneities below thermal infrared (TIR) instrument resolution cause anisothermality, leading to emissivity spectra with negative slopes.
  • Incorrect assumptions of uniform surface temperature or maximum emissivity during temperature-emissivity separation produce spectral artifacts.
  • Surface roughness and sub-pixel mixing of diverse surface units create distinct spectral slopes proportional to temperature mixing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate sub-pixel anisothermality using Routine Off-nadir Targeted Observations (ROTO) from the Thermal Emission Imaging Spectrometer (THEMIS).
  • Analyze thermal emission spectra from the southern flank of Apollinaris Mons and the Medusae Fossae Formation on Mars.
  • Model spectral slopes and brightness temperature differences to understand surface composition and thermal properties.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized THEMIS ROTO data acquired shortly after local sunset to capture thermal emission.
  • Forward-modeled spectral slopes and wavelength-dependent brightness temperature differences for two-component surfaces with varying thermal inertia.
  • Correlated spectral data with high-resolution visible images to validate surface unit mixing models.

Main Results:

  • Observed a range of sloped TIR emission spectra directly related to intra-pixel temperature differences.
  • Forward modeling indicated that differing proportions of rocky and unconsolidated surface units are detected at various ROTO viewing geometries.
  • Results suggest a local rock abundance six times greater than estimates derived from nadir data.

Conclusions:

  • Anisothermality significantly influences TIR spectral signatures, particularly when viewed off-nadir.
  • ROTO data provides crucial insights into sub-pixel surface heterogeneity and composition on Mars.
  • The findings highlight the importance of considering viewing geometry and sub-pixel effects in planetary surface analysis.