Flexibility of in vitro cortical circuits influences resilience from microtrauma

Small clusters comprising hundreds to thousands of neurons are an important level of brain architecture that correlates single neuronal properties to fulfill brain function, but the specific mechanisms through which this scaling occurs are not well understood. In this study, we developed an in vitro experimental platform of small neuronal circuits (islands) to probe the importance of structural properties for their development, physiology, and response to microtrauma.

Primary cortical neurons were plated on a substrate patterned to promote attachment in clusters of hundreds of cells (islands), transduced with GCaMP6f, allowed to mature until 10-13 days in vitro (DIV), and monitored with Ca²⁺ as a non-invasive proxy for electrical activity. We adjusted two structural factors-island size and cellular density-to evaluate their role in guiding spontaneous activity and network formation in neuronal islands.

We found cellular density, but not island size, regulates of circuit activity and network function in this system. Low cellular density islands can achieve many states of activity, while high cellular density biases islands towards a limited regime characterized by low rates of activity and high synchronization, a property we summarized as "flexibility." The injury severity required for an island to lose activity in 50% of its population was significantly higher in low-density, high flexibility islands.

Together, these studies demonstrate flexible living cortical circuits are more resilient to microtrauma, providing the first evidence that initial circuit state may be a key factor to consider when evaluating the consequences of trauma to the cortex.