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The Carbon Cycle01:14

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Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
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Carbon dioxide fixation in prokaryotes enables the assimilation of inorganic carbon into organic molecules, supporting biosynthetic pathways, sustaining ecosystems, and contributing to the global carbon cycle. It also has industrial applications in carbon capture and bioproduct synthesis. Autotrophic organisms rely on this process to utilize CO₂ as a carbon source in diverse environments.The Calvin CycleThe Calvin cycle is the most widespread carbon fixation mechanism, primarily used by...
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) transport in the blood is critical to human physiology. On average, our body cells produce around 200 mL of CO2 per minute, precisely the quantity expelled by the lungs. This process involves the transportation of CO2 from the tissue cells to the lungs in three primary forms.
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Ribulose 1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo) is a critical enzyme that catalyzes carbon dioxide assimilation during photosynthesis. However, it is an inefficient enzyme, having an extremely slow catalytic rate. A typical enzyme can process about a thousand molecules per second; however, RuBisCo fixes only around three-carbon dioxides per second. Photosynthetic cells compensate for this slow rate by synthesizing very high amounts of RuBisCo, making it the most abundant single...
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Oxygenic photosynthesis is a fundamental process in which light energy is harnessed to drive the oxidation of water, leading to the production of molecular oxygen (O₂), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). This process is essential for sustaining aerobic life on Earth and is primarily carried out by cyanobacteria, algae, and plants. The core of oxygenic photosynthesis lies in the thylakoid membranes, where chlorophyll pigments facilitate...
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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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CO2 Ocean Bistability on Terrestrial Exoplanets.

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Rocky exoplanets may have two stable climates: Earth-like or one with condensing carbon dioxide (CO2). This CO2 climate can oscillate, offering observational clues for astronomers studying exoplanet habitability.

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Area of Science:

  • Planetary Science
  • Climate Dynamics
  • Astrobiology

Background:

  • Planetary carbon cycles are crucial for stabilizing climate and maintaining habitable temperatures over geological timescales.
  • Exoplanet climate stability can be threatened by variations in carbon budgets and complex feedback loops between planetary systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the stability of climate equilibria on rocky, ocean-bearing exoplanets in the outer habitable zones of stars.
  • To explore potential climate bistability and alternative stable states beyond Earth-like conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Clear-sky atmospheric radiative transfer simulations.
  • Surface weathering simulations.
  • Modeling exoplanet climates at various stellar instellations.

Main Results:

  • Planets around G- and F-type stars may exhibit climate bistability: an Earth-like state or a CO2-condensing state.
  • The CO2-condensing state can involve surface clathrate hydrate or liquid CO2, potentially oscillating between cool and hot climates.
  • CO2 bistable climates can form early and persist for billions of years, showing a distinct pCO2-instellation trend.

Conclusions:

  • Rocky exoplanets may possess multiple stable climate states, including novel CO2-rich regimes.
  • The potential for climate bistability has significant implications for understanding exoplanet habitability and evolution.
  • Observational differences in pCO2 versus instellation could distinguish between weathering-stabilized and CO2-condensing exoplanet climates.