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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
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Updated: Aug 15, 2025

Author Spotlight: Enhancing the Offspring Health in Rats with Maternal Exercise During Pregnancy
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Author Spotlight: Enhancing the Offspring Health in Rats with Maternal Exercise During Pregnancy

Published on: April 5, 2024

876

[Diabetes and Pregnancy].

Helmut Kleinwechter, Andreas Nolte, Norbert Demandt

    Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)
    |January 2, 2023
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Optimizing metabolic control before pregnancy is crucial for women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Preconceptional counseling and specific interventions significantly reduce risks for both mother and baby.

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    Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
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    Area of Science:

    • Obstetrics and Gynecology
    • Endocrinology
    • Public Health

    Context:

    • Pregnancy in women with pre-existing type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus presents significant risks.
    • Effective management requires a focus on preconceptional care and early pregnancy interventions.
    • The incidence of congenital malformations and pregnancy complications like preeclampsia are directly influenced by metabolic control.

    Purpose:

    • To highlight the critical role of preconceptional metabolic control in managing diabetes during pregnancy.
    • To emphasize the importance of expert counseling and specific interventions over advanced technology alone.
    • To outline strategies for reducing adverse pregnancy outcomes in diabetic pregnancies and managing gestational diabetes.

    Summary:

    • Excellent metabolic control before and during early pregnancy, alongside folic acid, significantly lowers congenital malformation rates.
    • Low-dose aspirin initiated before 16 weeks is recommended for preeclampsia prevention in diabetic pregnancies.
    • GCK-MODY should be considered in pregnant individuals with BMI < 25 kg/m² and elevated fasting glucose; structured follow-up is vital post-gestational diabetes mellitus.

    Impact:

    • Improved pregnancy outcomes for women with diabetes, including reduced malformations and preeclampsia.
    • Enhanced identification and management of gestational diabetes mellitus and associated long-term risks.
    • Informed public health strategies for vaccination and management of COVID-19 in pregnant individuals with hyperglycemia and obesity.