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Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Oxymercuration-Reduction of Alkenes

Oxymercuration-Reduction of Alkenes

Oxymercuration–reduction of alkenes is one of the major reactions converting alkenes to alcohols. It involves the hydration of alkenes with mercuric acetate in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and water, forming an organomercury adduct. This is followed by a demercuration step in which the adduct is reduced to an alcohol using sodium borohydride.

Radical Anti-Markovnikov Addition to Alkenes: Overview

Radical Anti-Markovnikov Addition to Alkenes: Overview

The addition of hydrogen bromide to alkenes in the presence of hydroperoxides or peroxides proceeds via an anti-Markovnikov pathway and yields alkyl bromides.

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

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Updated: Aug 15, 2025

Heterogeneous Removal of Water-Soluble Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalyst from Aqueous Media Via Host-Guest Interaction

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Published on: August 23, 2018

Selective Methane Oxidation by Heterogenized Iridium Catalysts.

Haoyi Li¹, Muchun Fei¹, Jennifer L Troiano^2,3

¹Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|January 3, 2023

Summary

This study demonstrates a novel method for oxidative methane carbonylation using immobilized iridium catalysts. The catalyst

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Area of Science:

Catalysis
Organometallic Chemistry
Materials Science

Background:

Oxidative methane carbonylation offers a direct pathway to valuable oxygenates like acetic acid.
Developing efficient and reusable catalysts for methane conversion remains a significant challenge in chemical synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

To report a strategy for oxidative methane carbonylation using immobilized iridium complexes.
To investigate the role of iridium oxidation state in product selectivity.

Main Methods:

Immobilization of iridium complexes onto an oxide support for methane activation.
Tuning the electrophilicity of carbonyl groups by controlling iridium center reduction.
Characterization of catalyst performance and product distribution.

Main Results:

The immobilized iridium catalyst enables direct methane activation and carbonylation.
The catalyst facilitates easy separation and reuse, enhancing process sustainability.
Aged catalyst (Ir(IV)) favors acetic acid production, while reduced catalyst (Ir(III)) enhances methanol production.

Conclusions:

Immobilized iridium complexes provide an effective system for oxidative methane carbonylation.
Catalyst design and control over iridium oxidation state are crucial for directing product selectivity.
This approach offers a promising route for the sustainable synthesis of oxygenated compounds from methane.