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Updated: Aug 15, 2025

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Published on: January 10, 2025
Genital gender-affirming surgery for transgender women
Wouter B van der Sluis1, Tim Schäfer2, Tim H J Nijhuis3
1Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Gender Clinic, Bosch en Duin, the Netherlands.
Abstract:
Transgender women may opt for genital gender-affirming surgery (gGAS), which comprises bilateral orchiectomy, gender-affirming vulvoplasty, or vaginoplasty. Vaginoplasty is chosen most frequently in this population, penile inversion vaginoplasty being the surgical gold standard. In selected cases, skin graft vaginoplasty, intestinal vaginoplasty, or peritoneal vaginoplasty may be indicated. In this article, we discuss the various types of gGAS for transgender women, (contra)-indications, intraoperative considerations, techniques, surgical outcomes, and postoperative patient-reported outcomes.
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