The recent advances in cobalt-catalyzed C(sp3)-H functionalization reactions
Bhargav Desai1, Ajay Uppuluru2, Ashutosh Dey2
1Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat-395 007, India. togatinaveen123@gmail.com.
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry
|January 5, 2023
Summary
Cobalt catalysts enable efficient and selective C(sp³)-H functionalization, a key strategy in organic synthesis. This review covers recent advances (2018-2022) in using these earth-abundant metal catalysts for streamlined molecule construction.
Area of Science:
- Organic Chemistry
- Catalysis
- Sustainable Synthesis
Background:
- C-H functionalization is crucial for synthesizing complex organic molecules.
- C(sp³)-H bond functionalization is particularly important due to its prevalence in organic compounds.
- First-row transition metal catalysis offers a cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach to C-H functionalization.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review recent advancements in cobalt-catalyzed C(sp³)-H functionalization.
- To highlight the substrate scope, selectivity, and reaction conditions of cobalt catalysts.
- To discuss the benefits and limitations of using cobalt for C(sp³)-H functionalization.
Main Methods:
- Focuses on literature published between 2018 and 2022.
- Analyzes studies employing cobalt-based catalysts for direct C(sp³)-H functionalization.
- Examines reaction outcomes, including selectivity and substrate scope.
Main Results:
- Cobalt catalysts facilitate direct and selective C(sp³)-H functionalization under mild conditions.
- These catalysts offer advantages in terms of cost and availability compared to precious metals.
- Diverse organic transformations have been achieved using cobalt-based catalytic systems.
Conclusions:
- Cobalt catalysis is a promising strategy for sustainable C(sp³)-H functionalization.
- Further research can expand the utility of cobalt catalysts in organic synthesis.
- Cobalt offers a viable alternative to traditional transition metals for C-H activation reactions.
Related Concept Videos
02:13Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the surface of...
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the surface of...
02:17Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation
Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
02:24Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation
Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
01:20Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions
Arenediazonium substitution reactions occur when the diazonium group is substituted by various functional groups such as halides, hydroxyl, nitrile, etc. For instance, arenediazonium salts react with copper(I) salts of chloride, bromide, or cyanide to form corresponding aryl chlorides, bromides, and nitriles. These reactions are named Sandmeyer reactions. Although the mechanism of this reaction is complicated, as illustrated in Figure 1, they are believed to progress via an aryl copper...
01:12Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation
Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.
01:22Heterogeneous Catalysis
Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...