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Related Concept Videos

B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 15, 2025

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity
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Human B-cell subset identification and changes in inflammatory diseases.

Rebekah L Velounias1, Thomas J Tull2

  • 1Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, UK.

Clinical and Experimental Immunology
|January 8, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High-dimensional cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing reveal diverse human blood B-cell subsets. This review details their identification and changes in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.

Keywords:
B cellautoimmunityimmune checkpointssystemic lupus erythematosus

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Hematology

Background:

  • Recent advances in high-dimensional cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing have significantly improved our understanding of human blood B-cell heterogeneity.
  • Previously homogenous B-cell populations are now recognized to comprise diverse subsets with distinct functional roles.

Approach:

  • This review focuses on commonly encountered B-cell subsets in human peripheral blood.
  • It describes standardized gating strategies for identification using flow cytometry and mass cytometry.
  • The review also highlights alterations in B-cell subset frequencies and functions in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.

Key Points:

  • Standardized identification of B-cell subsets is crucial due to inter-study variations.
  • High-dimensional techniques have unveiled significant heterogeneity within B-cell populations.
  • Changes in B-cell subset dynamics are implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate identification and characterization of human blood B-cell subsets are essential for understanding immune responses.
  • This review provides a framework for consistent identification and discusses the clinical relevance of B-cell subset alterations in disease.