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Indicators02:39

Indicators

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Certain organic substances change color in dilute solution when the hydronium ion concentration reaches a particular value. For example, phenolphthalein is a colorless substance in any aqueous solution with a hydronium ion concentration greater than 5.0 × 10−9 M (pH < 8.3). In more basic solutions where the hydronium ion concentration is less than 5.0 × 10−9 M (pH > 8.3), it is red or pink. Substances such as phenolphthalein, which can be used to determine the pH of a solution, are...
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pH01:24

pH

134.3K
The potential of hydrogen (pH) is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a water-based solution determined by the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+). In one liter of pure water at neutral pH, there are 1×10−7 moles of hydronium ions. However, the extensive range of hydronium ion concentrations present in water-based solutions makes measuring pH in moles cumbersome. Therefore, a pH scale was developed to convert moles of hydronium ions into the negative logarithm of the hydronium...
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Determining the pH of Salt Solutions04:08

Determining the pH of Salt Solutions

43.9K
The pH of a salt solution is determined by its component anions and cations. Salts that contain pH-neutral anions and the hydronium ion-producing cations form a solution with a pH less than 7. For example, in ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) solution, NO3− ions do not react with water whereas NH4+ ions produce the hydronium ions resulting in the acidic solution.  In contrast, salts that contain pH-neutral cations and the hydroxide ion-producing anions form a solution with a pH greater than...
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Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes01:19

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

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Reference electrodes serve as a stable reference point for potentiometric measurements, while indicator and working electrodes react to variations in the composition of a solution.
The Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is a widely used reference electrode that maintains zero potential across all temperatures. However, its need for a continuous hydrogen gas supply renders it impractical for everyday use.
An alternative to SHE is the Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE). This electrode features an...
815
Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes01:15

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes

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Membrane electrodes, also known as p-ion electrodes, use membranes that selectively interact with free analyte ions, generating a potential difference across the membrane. The resulting membrane potential, known as the asymmetry potential, is not zero even when analyte concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. The membrane's response is typically not selective to a single analyte but proportional to the concentration of all ions in the sample solution capable of interacting at...
686
Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution02:45

Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution

53.7K
A buffer can prevent a sudden drop or increase in the pH of a solution after the addition of a strong acid or base up to its buffering capacity; however, such addition of a strong acid or base does result in the slight pH change of the solution. The small pH change can be calculated by determining the resulting change in the concentration of buffer components, i.e., a weak acid and its conjugate base or vice versa. The concentrations obtained using these stoichiometric calculations can be used...
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Updated: Aug 14, 2025

Simultaneous pH Measurement in Endocytic and Cytosolic Compartments in Living Cells using Confocal Microscopy
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Hill-type pH probes.

Shuhuai Shen1, Youjun Yang2, Xiao Luo3

  • 1Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai, 200241, China.

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
|January 9, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hill-type pH probes offer enhanced sensitivity for detecting subtle pH changes, surpassing conventional Henderson-Hasselbalch probes. This shift leverages positive cooperativity for more precise pH sensing in various applications.

Keywords:
Fluorescence imagingHill-typePositive cooperativitypH sensing

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Biomedical Sensing

Background:

  • Conventional Henderson-Hasselbalch (HH) probes face challenges in sensitively detecting minute, yet pathologically significant, pH variations.
  • A paradigm shift towards Hill-type pH probes is emerging due to their superior detection capabilities.
  • Hill-type probes exhibit positive cooperative acid-base chemistry, leading to a narrower pH transition width and higher sensitivity compared to HH-type probes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To rationalize the molecular origins of positive cooperativity in Hill-type pH sensing.
  • To highlight proof-of-concept applications of novel Hill-type pH-responsive materials.
  • To discuss future research directions in the field of advanced pH sensing.

Main Methods:

  • Development of polymer-based Hill-type pH-responsive materials.
  • Emergence of small-molecular approaches for achieving Hill-type pH-responsive profiles.
  • Rationalization of molecular mechanisms underlying positive cooperativity in pH sensing.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of polymer-based materials exhibiting Hill-type pH responsiveness.
  • Introduction of small-molecule designs for Hill-type pH sensing, addressing membrane permeability concerns.
  • Identification of key molecular factors contributing to enhanced pH sensitivity via positive cooperativity.

Conclusions:

  • Hill-type pH probes represent a significant advancement over conventional HH probes, offering enhanced sensitivity and precision.
  • Both polymer-based and small-molecular Hill-type materials provide versatile platforms for advanced pH sensing.
  • The field is dynamic, with ongoing research focused on refining molecular designs and expanding application scope.