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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

969
The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
969
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

23.0K
Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
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Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Riboswitches01:56

Riboswitches

8.3K
Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
The aptamer has high specificity for a particular metabolite which allows riboswitches to specifically regulate...
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Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches01:23

Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches

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Riboswitches are RNA elements that regulate gene expression by altering their secondary structures in response to specific effector molecules. These elements, located in the leader regions of certain mRNAs, act as transcriptional regulators by toggling between alternative conformations to control downstream gene expression. Riboswitch-mediated regulation is a precise mechanism for modulating biosynthetic pathways, as exemplified by the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 14, 2025

Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal
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Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal

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Ribosomal proteins regulate 2-cell-stage transcriptome in mouse embryonic stem cells.

Yao Yi1, Yingying Zeng2, Tsz Wing Sam3

  • 1Cell Fate Engineering and Therapeutics Laboratory, Division of Cell Biology and Therapies, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore.

Stem Cell Reports
|January 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Ribosomal proteins (RPs) are crucial for maintaining mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) identity and regulating 2-cell-stage specific (2C) transcripts. Their disruption activates DUX and alters chromatin, revealing a novel role for RPs.

Keywords:
2C-like cellsMERVLP53RPs

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RiboTag Immunoprecipitation in the Germ Cells of the Male Mouse
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Multiplexed Single Cell mRNA Sequencing Analysis of Mouse Embryonic Cells

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 14, 2025

Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal
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RiboTag Immunoprecipitation in the Germ Cells of the Male Mouse
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Multiplexed Single Cell mRNA Sequencing Analysis of Mouse Embryonic Cells
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Multiplexed Single Cell mRNA Sequencing Analysis of Mouse Embryonic Cells

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Molecular and cell biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) possess a rare 2-cell-like subpopulation defined by MERVL and 2C transcript expression.
  • Ribosomal proteins (RPs) are fundamental for protein synthesis but their role in stem cell identity and specific transcript regulation is less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of specific ribosomal proteins (RPL14, RPL18, RPL23) in maintaining mESC identity.
  • To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms by which RPs control 2C transcript expression and chromatin landscape.

Main Methods:

  • Knockdown (KD) of specific ribosomal proteins (RPs) in mESCs.
  • Analysis of MERVL and 2C transcript expression levels.
  • Chromatin landscape assessment.
  • Investigation of protein-protein interactions (RPL11-MDM2) and downstream pathway activation (p53, DUX).

Main Results:

  • RPL14, RPL18, and RPL23 were identified as key RPs maintaining mESC identity and regulating 2C transcripts.
  • RP KD induced DUX-dependent 2C transcript expression and altered the chromatin landscape.
  • RP KD led to RPL11 binding MDM2, increasing p53 protein levels and activating downstream pathways including DUX.

Conclusions:

  • Specific ribosomal proteins (RPL14, RPL18, RPL23) play a critical role in maintaining mESC identity.
  • RPs are novel regulators of 2C transcript activation and chromatin state.
  • The study reveals a new function for RPs in controlling stem cell-specific gene expression via the p53-DUX pathway.