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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Taste Buds and Receptors01:20

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Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
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Cranial Nerves: Types Part I01:14

Cranial Nerves: Types Part I

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, with the first six being essential in sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions related to the head and neck.
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The olfactory nerve, or cranial nerve I, is unique as it is purely sensory and dedicated to the sense of smell. This nerve originates in the olfactory epithelium of the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 14, 2025

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
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Olfactory Dysfunction: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment.

Thomas Hummel1, David T Liu, Christian A Müller

  • 1Interdisciplinary Center for Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Austria; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Giessen and Marburg University Hospital Ltd., Marburg; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Basel University Hospital, Switzerland.

Deutsches Arzteblatt International
|January 17, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Olfactory dysfunction, often linked to SARS-CoV-2, impacts quality of life. Diagnosis involves medical history and tests, with treatments like olfactory training tailored to the cause.

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Area of Science:

  • Otorhinolaryngology
  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is increasingly recognized, notably as a symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • Loss of smell significantly diminishes quality of life and stems from diverse etiologies.
  • Understanding the causes and impacts of smell disorders is crucial for patient well-being.

Approach:

  • A selective literature review was performed, referencing German medical society guidelines.
  • Diagnostic cornerstone includes comprehensive medical history and validated psychophysical olfactory testing.
  • Treatment strategies are etiology-specific, focusing on underlying inflammation or employing olfactory training.

Key Points:

  • Diagnosis relies on detailed patient history and standardized olfactory function tests.
  • Treatment varies: sinunasal inflammation requires addressing the underlying cause, while other dysfunctions benefit from olfactory training.
  • Prognosis depends on the cause, patient age, and initial olfactory performance measurements.

Conclusions:

  • Effective treatment options for olfactory dysfunction exist but are cause-dependent.
  • Thorough diagnostic evaluation is essential for determining the appropriate treatment and prognosis.
  • Informing patients about the expected course and potential outcomes is vital for managing expectations.