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Pharmacokinetic Models: Overview

Pharmacokinetic Models: Overview

Pharmacokinetic models utilize mathematical analysis to achieve a detailed quantitative understanding of a drug's life cycle within the body. They are instrumental in simulating a drug's pharmacokinetic parameters, predicting drug concentrations over time, optimizing dosage regimens, linking concentrations with pharmacologic activity, and estimating potential toxicity.
There are three primary types of models: empirical, compartment, and physiological. Empirical models, with minimal...

Model Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Distributed Parameter Models

Model Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Distributed Parameter Models

Pharmacokinetic models are mathematical constructs that represent and predict the time course of drug concentrations in the body, providing meaningful pharmacokinetic parameters. These models are categorized into compartment, physiological, and distributed parameter models.
The distributed parameter models are specifically designed to account for variations and differences in some drug classes. This model is particularly useful for assessing regional concentrations of anticancer or...

Three-Compartment Open Model

Three-Compartment Open Model

The three-compartment open model is a pharmacokinetic model used to describe the distribution and elimination of drugs following extravascular administration. It comprises a central compartment representing the plasma and two peripheral compartments. The highly perfused peripheral compartment represents organs and tissues with a rich blood supply, such as the liver, kidneys, and lungs. The scarcely perfused peripheral compartment represents tissues with lower blood supply, such as adipose...

Pharmacokinetic Models: Comparison and Selection Criterion

Pharmacokinetic Models: Comparison and Selection Criterion

Physiological and compartmental models are valuable tools used in studying biological systems. These models rely on differential equations to maintain mass balance within the system, ensuring an accurate representation of the dynamic processes at play.
Physiological models take a detailed approach by considering specific molecular processes. They can predict drug distribution, metabolism, and elimination changes, providing a comprehensive understanding of how drugs interact with the body.

Model Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Physiological Models

Model Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Physiological Models

Physiological models in pharmacokinetics are instrumental in understanding the distribution and elimination of drugs within the body. These models describe the drug concentration within target organs, influenced by factors such as drug uptake, tissue volume, and blood flow. Drug uptake is governed by the partition coefficient, which signifies the drug concentration ratio in tissue to that in the blood. The blood flow rate to a specific tissue is expressed as Qt, and the rate of change in tissue...

Model Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Compartment Models

Model Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Compartment Models

Compartmental analysis is a widely adopted approach to characterizing drug pharmacokinetics. It uses compartment models that conceptualize the body as a collection of reversibly communicating compartments, each representing a group of tissues exhibiting similar drug distribution characteristics. The movement rate of the drug between these compartments is typically described by first-order kinetics.
Two primary types of compartment models are recognized: mammillary and catenary. The more...

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Author Spotlight: Evaluating Clinicians' Adoption of Ultrasound-Guided Vascular Cannulation Through Simulation Training

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Computer-Based Simulators in Pharmacy Practice Education: A Systematic Narrative Review.

Ahmed M Gharib¹, Ivan K Bindoff¹, Gregory M Peterson¹

¹School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia.

Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland)

|January 17, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Computer-based simulations offer flexible pharmacy education but few are available. This review identifies and analyzes currently available pharmacy simulation products to aid educator selection.

Keywords:

and case-based simulation computer-based simulation online simulation pharmacy education pharmacy practice education virtual patient virtual simulation

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Area of Science:

Pharmacy Practice Education
Health Professions Education Technology

Background:

Computer-based simulations (CBS) present an underutilized, cost-efficient training method for pharmacy practice.
Increasing pressures on clinical placements and the need for teaching efficiency necessitate exploring innovative educational tools.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review CBS in pharmacy practice education literature.
To identify currently available pharmacy simulation products.
To highlight key characteristics of available simulators.

Main Methods:

Systematic narrative review of five major databases (Medline, CINAHL, ERIC, Education Source, Embase).
Manual review of pharmacy simulator websites and citation analysis.
Analysis of 29 unique simulators from 49 studies against eight key criteria.

Main Results:

49 studies described 29 unique computer-based simulators.
Only eight of these simulators are currently available on the market.
Key characteristics of the eight available simulators were evaluated.

Conclusions:

Despite numerous developed systems, few computer-based pharmacy simulators are commercially available.
Each available simulator has distinct advantages and disadvantages.
Educators should carefully assess institutional and curriculum needs to select the most suitable simulation tool.