Two-dimensional nanomaterials: synthesis and applications in photothermal catalysis

Photothermal catalysis, as one of the emerging technologies with synergistic effects of photochemistry and thermochemistry, is highly attractive in the fields of environment and energy. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have received extensive attention toward photothermal catalysis because of their ultrathin layer structures, superior physical and optical properties, and high surface areas. These merits are beneficial for shortening the transfer distance of charge carriers, improving the efficiency of solar to thermal, and providing a great opportunity for the development of photothermal chemistry. In this review, we have summarized the state-of-art advances in various 2D nanomaterials with emphasis on the driving force and relevant mechanism of photothermal catalysis, including the involved three types, namely, localized surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR), nonradiative relaxation, and thermal vibrations of molecules. Moreover, the synthesis strategies of 2D materials and their photothermal applications in carbon dioxide (CO₂) conversion, hydrogen (H₂) production, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) degradation, and water (H₂O) purification have been discussed in detail. Ultimately, the existing challenges and prospects of future development in the field are proposed. It is believed that this review will afford a great reference for the exploration of the high-efficiency 2D nanomaterials and their structure-activity relationship.