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Providing Visual Biofeedback Using Brightness Mode Ultrasound During a Golf Swing
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Both Sensorimotor Rhythm Neurofeedback and Self-Controlled Practice Enhance Motor Learning and Performance in Novice

Zahra Pourbehbahani1, Esmaeel Saemi1, Ming-Yang Cheng2

  • 1Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 6135783151, Iran.

Behavioral Sciences (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 20, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) neurofeedback and self-controlled practice independently improved golf putting skills in novice golfers. Only SMR neurofeedback maintained positive effects long-term, also enhancing SMR brainwave power.

Keywords:
SMR neurofeedbackadditive effectgolf putting taskmotor learningyoked practice

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Area of Science:

  • Motor behavior science
  • Neuroscience
  • Sports science

Background:

  • Motor learning and performance enhancement are key goals in motor behavior science.
  • Neurofeedback and self-controlled practice are emerging techniques for skill acquisition.
  • Novice golfers present a relevant population for studying motor learning interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the individual and combined effects of sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) neurofeedback and self-controlled practice on motor learning in novice golfers.
  • To determine if SMR neurofeedback enhances SMR brainwave activity.
  • To assess the long-term retention of motor skills after these interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Forty novice golfers were randomly assigned to four groups: neurofeedback/self-controlled practice, neurofeedback/yoked practice, sham/self-controlled practice, and sham/yoked practice.
  • Participants completed a golf putting task across pretest, intervention, post-test, and follow-up stages.
  • Electroencephalography (EEG) recorded SMR wave activity at the Cz point during pretest, post-test, and follow-up.

Main Results:

  • Both SMR neurofeedback and self-controlled practice independently improved golf putting performance during acquisition and post-test phases.
  • Only SMR neurofeedback demonstrated sustained positive effects at the follow-up stage.
  • SMR neurofeedback practice significantly increased SMR brainwave power, irrespective of the practice control type.

Conclusions:

  • SMR neurofeedback and self-controlled practice are independently effective for facilitating motor learning in novice golfers.
  • SMR neurofeedback offers a potential method for enhancing motor skill retention and brainwave activity.
  • These techniques show promise for instructional settings aimed at improving golf performance.