Second Near-Infrared (NIR-II) Window for Imaging-Navigated Modulation of Brain Structure and Function.

Area of Science:

• Biomedical Optics
• Neuroimaging
• Medical Technology

Background:

• High-resolution optical imaging of the deep brain remains a significant challenge.
• The second near-infrared (NIR-II) window offers improved tissue penetration and signal-to-noise ratio for bioimaging.
• NIR-II bioimaging techniques and contrast agents are advancing rapidly, enabling deeper and clearer visualization.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the advantages of NIR-II light for brain imaging.
• To introduce various NIR-II bioimaging technologies and their contrast agents.
• To discuss applications in brain structure/function modulation and clinical translation.

Main Methods:

• Elaboration on NIR-II light-tissue interactions.
• Introduction of NIR-II fluorescence, multiphoton fluorescence, and photoacoustic imaging.
• Summary of relevant contrast agents and their applications.

Main Results:

• NIR-II bioimaging provides high signal-to-noise ratio and spatiotemporal resolution for deep brain processes.
• Applications include visualizing cerebrovascular networks and monitoring pathologies.
• NIR-II facilitates noninvasive modulation of brain structure and function, including glioblastoma treatment and neuromodulation.

Conclusions:

• NIR-II bioimaging is a powerful tool for deep brain visualization and functional modulation.
• Further development is needed for widespread clinical translation.
• This technology promises more precise and noninvasive neurological interventions.