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Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Polymer-chain configurations in active and passive baths.

Caleb J Anderson1,2, Guillaume Briand3, Olivier Dauchot3

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|January 21, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polymers in active baths exhibit distinct configurations compared to equilibrium systems. This study reveals a higher effective temperature and a bias towards single bends in active polymer chains.

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Area of Science:

  • Soft matter physics
  • Polymer physics
  • Statistical mechanics

Background:

  • Polymer configurations in non-equilibrium environments are crucial for biological systems.
  • Simulations and experiments explore polymer behavior in complex baths.
  • Understanding active matter systems is a growing research area.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze polymer configurations in active versus equilibrium-like baths.
  • To compare the behavior of a passive flexible chain in two distinct vibrated disk baths.
  • To investigate deviations from equilibrium predictions in active systems.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental analysis of a passive flexible polymer chain.
  • Comparison between a bath of active, self-propelled disks and a bath of thermal-like disks.
  • Measurement of polymer chain length, radius of gyration, and Kuhn length.

Main Results:

  • Both active and equilibrium-like baths yield polymer configurations consistent with Flory's law for mean dimensions.
  • The Kuhn length is reduced in the active bath, indicating a higher effective temperature.
  • Active baths induce a bias towards configurations with a single prominent bend, unlike hot equilibrium baths.

Conclusions:

  • Active baths influence polymer configurations beyond simple temperature increases.
  • The distinct chain conformations in active baths suggest unique physical mechanisms at play.
  • This research highlights the importance of considering the active nature of the environment for polymer behavior.