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Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
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Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
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Memory is the retention of information or experiences over time, facilitated through three main processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is the process of inputting information into the memory system. For instance, when listening to a lecture, watching a play, reading a book, or having a conversation, the brain is actively encoding information. This initial stage involves transforming sensory input into a form that can be processed and stored by the brain. Various factors, such as...
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Encoding01:19

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Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
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Decomposing Working Memory in Recurrent Major Depression: Impaired Encoding and Limited Maintenance

Zhitang Chen1,2,3, Zheng Dou1,2,3, Hui Xu4

  • 1Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Institutes, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.

Brain Sciences
|January 21, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Working memory (WM) is impaired in depression, affecting both encoding and maintenance. Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) showed reduced accuracy, particularly when encoding was limited, unlike healthy controls.

Keywords:
encodingloadmaintenancerecurrent major depressionworking memory

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Working memory (WM) dysfunction is a hallmark of depression.
  • The specific stages of WM (encoding, maintenance) affected in major depressive disorder (MDD) remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and differentiate the encoding and maintenance deficits in working memory in patients with recurrent major depressive disorder (MDD).
  • To analyze how varying encoding and retention times impact spatial working memory performance in MDD patients compared to healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • A spatial working memory task was administered to 30 MDD patients and 39 healthy controls.
  • Encoding and maintenance performance were assessed by manipulating encoding and retention durations under different cognitive loads.
  • Accuracy differences between short and long encoding/retention times were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Patients with MDD exhibited lower overall working memory performance compared to controls.
  • In controls, retention accuracy decreased with longer retention times, an effect exacerbated by short encoding times.
  • In contrast, MDD patients' retention performance was not significantly affected by short encoding times, indicating a different pattern of impairment.

Conclusions:

  • Recurrent MDD is characterized by general encoding impairments and a limited ability to compensate for constrained encoding during maintenance.
  • These findings suggest a bias towards internal processing over external processing in MDD.
  • The developed task offers a practical and effective clinical tool for assessing WM encoding and maintenance functions.