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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Assessing Functional Metrics of Skeletal Muscle Health in Human Skeletal Muscle Microtissues

Assessing Functional Metrics of Skeletal Muscle Health in Human Skeletal Muscle Microtissues

Published on: February 18, 2021

Triphasic 3D In Vitro Model of Bone-Tendon-Muscle Interfaces to Study Their Regeneration.

Wendy Balestri¹, Graham J Hickman², Robert H Morris³

¹Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK.

|January 21, 2023

Summary

Researchers developed a novel 3D in vitro model to study bone-tendon-muscle interface regeneration. This biomimetic scaffold supports cell growth and matrix deposition, showing promise for healing complex tissue injuries.

Keywords:

3D cell culture co-culture composite hydrogels indirect 3D printing regenerative medicine stiffness gradient tissue interfaces

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Assessing Functional Metrics of Skeletal Muscle Health in Human Skeletal Muscle Microtissues

Assessing Functional Metrics of Skeletal Muscle Health in Human Skeletal Muscle Microtissues

Published on: February 18, 2021

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Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Tissue Engineering
Regenerative Medicine

Background:

Tissue interfaces, critical for healing, exhibit limited regeneration post-injury.
Previous research primarily focused on simpler interfaces like bone-tendon and bone-cartilage.
Regeneration of complex interfaces, such as bone-tendon-muscle, remains a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a novel 3D in vitro model for studying bone-tendon-muscle interface regeneration.
To assess the suitability of a biomimetic scaffold for supporting cell growth and matrix deposition across a stiffness gradient.
To evaluate the potential of this model for understanding and promoting the healing of complex tissue interfaces.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a 3D scaffold using collagen, agarose, and hydroxyapatite with a stiffness gradient via indirect 3D printing.
Utilized MG-63, human dermal fibroblasts, and Sket.4U cells as bone, tendon, and muscle equivalents, respectively.
Co-culture of cells on the 3D model for 21 days in a specialized growth chamber, assessing cell proliferation, viability, and matrix deposition.

Main Results:

The 3D model successfully supported cell viability, proliferation, and metabolic activity over 21 days.
Demonstrated significant tissue-specific marker expression and new matrix deposition, indicating successful interface formation.
The biomimetic scaffold with a stiffness gradient proved suitable for co-culturing bone, tendon, and muscle cells.

Conclusions:

The developed 3D in vitro model effectively mimics the bone-tendon-muscle interface.
The model shows significant promise for advancing research into the regeneration of complex tissue interfaces.
This platform can facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies for improving healing outcomes in damaged musculoskeletal tissues.