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High-Frequency Rheological and Piezo-Voltage Waveform Characterization of Inkjet-Printed Polymer-Based Dopant-Source

Zulkifl Hussain1, Zohreh Kiaee1, Milad Nazarzadeh1

  • 1Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Heidenhofstraße 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.

Micromachines
|January 21, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Optimizing inkjet printing of dopant-source inks requires understanding rheological properties. Specific viscosity and elastic modulus ranges ensure defect-free droplet formation for high-quality printed structures.

Keywords:
boron inkshigh-frequency rheologyinkjet printingphosphorus inkspolymer-based inks

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Inkjet printing is a key technology for fabricating electronic devices.
  • Controlling droplet formation is crucial for printing high-quality structures.
  • The rheological properties of inks significantly influence droplet stability and printability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the rheological behavior of polymer-based dopant-source inks for inkjet printing.
  • To determine the critical rheological parameters that govern defect-free droplet formation.
  • To optimize printing processes for phosphorus and boron dopant-source inks.

Main Methods:

  • Rheological measurements using a piezo axial vibrator (PAV) to obtain flow curves.
  • Analysis of complex viscosity (η*), elastic modulus (G'), and viscous modulus (G″) across a frequency range (1 kHz–10 kHz).
  • Investigation of temperature (25 °C and 45 °C) and ink aging effects on rheology.
  • Voltage waveform simulation using an oscilloscope to assess droplet formation stability.

Main Results:

  • Inks with complex viscosity (η*) between 2 mPas and 20 mPas, and elastic modulus (G') ≤ 20 Pa, yielded droplets with minimal defects.
  • The elastic component (G') of the shear modulus was identified as the most significant factor for droplet stability and homogeneity.
  • Ink-specific process optimization for phosphorus and boron dopant-source inks was successfully demonstrated.

Conclusions:

  • Rheological properties, particularly the elastic modulus, are critical for achieving defect-free droplet formation in inkjet printing of dopant-source inks.
  • Optimized rheological parameters enable the production of high-quality printed structures.
  • This study provides a framework for ink-specific optimization of inkjet printing processes.