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Tapes are essential in surveying for accurate, durable, and short-distance measurements. Made from lightweight, nylon-coated steel, they offer flexibility and strength for rugged outdoor use. The nylon coating protects against rust and wear, extending the tape's life. Standard lengths, around 30 meters, are marked in meters and millimeters for precision.Surveyors select tapes based on site conditions and accuracy needs. Lightweight, nylon-coated tapes are commonly used for ease of handling and...
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Video Sequence Segmentation Based on K-Means in Air-Gap Data Transmission for a Cluttered Environment.

Przemyslaw Mazurek1, Dawid Bak2

  • 1Department of Signal Processing and Multimedia Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland.

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This study introduces a novel method for extracting data transmitted via computer screen brightness modulation, even with significant interference. The technique enables secure data retrieval from air-gapped systems using advanced video analysis.

Keywords:
air gapdigital modulationimage segmentationk-meanssecurity

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Area of Science:

  • Cybersecurity
  • Information Security
  • Data Transmission

Background:

  • Air-gapped systems enhance information security but remain vulnerable to unconventional data exfiltration.
  • Computer screen brightness modulation presents a covert channel for data leakage, detectable remotely.
  • Existing methods for data retrieval from screen modulation have limitations, particularly in noisy environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a new, robust method for automatic video sequence segmentation to retrieve data transmitted via screen brightness modulation.
  • To overcome the drawbacks of previous pixel-based growth methods.
  • To enable data recovery from modulated reflections and afterglow, even without direct screen visibility.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a high-speed camera (380 fps) for image acquisition.
  • Employed amplitude spectrum characteristics of individual pixels and k-means clustering for pixel grouping.
  • Applied averaging of values within clustered areas to recover the transmitted signal.

Main Results:

  • Successfully recovered 2-PAM (pulse-amplitude modulation) signals despite 1000x greater interference levels.
  • Demonstrated effectiveness even with modulated reflections and monitor afterglow.
  • The method does not necessitate high-quality lenses for image acquisition.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed method offers a significant advancement in retrieving data from covert channels based on screen brightness modulation.
  • It provides a more resilient and accessible approach to data recovery from air-gapped systems.
  • This technique enhances cybersecurity by offering new ways to detect and analyze potential data exfiltration attempts.