A Low-Cost Hardware Architecture for EV Battery Cell Characterization Using an IoT-Based Platform

Since 1997, when the first hybrid vehicle was launched on the market, until today, the number of NIMH batteries that have been discarded due to their obsolescence has not stopped increasing, with an even faster rate more recently due to the progressive disappearance of thermal vehicles on the market. The battery technologies used are mostly NIMH for hybrid vehicles and Li ion for pure electric vehicles, making recycling difficult due to the hazardous materials they contain. For this reason, and with the aim of extending the life of the batteries, even including a second life within electric vehicle applications, this paper describes and evaluates a low-cost system to characterize individual cells of commercial electric vehicle batteries by identifying such abnormally performing cells that are out of use, minimizing regeneration costs in a more sustainable manner. A platform based on the IoT technology is developed, allowing the automation of charging and discharging cycles of each independent cell according to some parameters given by the user, and monitoring the real-time data of such battery cells. A case study based on a commercial Toyota Prius battery is also included in the paper. The results show the suitability of the proposed solution as an alternative way to characterize individual cells for subsequent electric vehicle applications, decreasing operating costs and providing an autonomous, flexible, and reliable system.