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Published on: January 23, 2016
Microchimerism, PERV and Xenotransplantation
1Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
Abstract:
Microchimerism is the presence of cells in an individual that have originated from a genetically distinct individual. The most common form of microchimerism is fetomaternal microchimerism, i.e., cells from a fetus pass through the placenta and establish cell lineages within the mother. Microchimerism was also described after the transplantation of human organs in human recipients. Consequently, microchimerism may also be expected in xenotransplantation using pig cells or organs. Indeed, microchimerism was described in patients after xenotransplantations as well as in non-human primates after the transplantation of pig organs. Here, for the first time, a comprehensive review of microchimerism in xenotransplantation is given. Since pig cells contain porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) in their genome, the detection of proviral DNA in transplant recipients may be misinterpreted as an infection of the recipient with PERV. To prevent this, methods discriminating between infection and microchimerism are described. This knowledge will be important for the interpretation of screening results in forthcoming human xenotransplantations.
Insights
Microchimerism, the presence of cells from another individual, occurs in xenotransplantation. Distinguishing pig cell microchimerism from porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) infection is crucial for future human transplants.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Transplantation Biology
- Genetics
Background:
- Microchimerism involves cells from a distinct individual, commonly seen in fetomaternal interactions and human organ transplants.
- Xenotransplantation, particularly using porcine (pig) cells or organs, is expected to result in microchimerism.
- Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) in pig cells pose a diagnostic challenge, potentially mimicking infection in recipients.
Approach:
- This review provides a comprehensive overview of microchimerism in the context of xenotransplantation.
- It details methods for differentiating between PERV infection and microchimerism in transplant recipients.
- The focus is on understanding and accurately interpreting screening results.
Key Points:
- Microchimerism is the bidirectional transfer of cells between individuals.
- Xenotransplantation, especially from pigs, leads to microchimerism.
- Accurate detection methods are essential to distinguish microchimerism from PERV infection.
Conclusions:
- Understanding microchimerism in xenotransplantation is vital for accurate diagnostic interpretation.
- Distinguishing pig cell microchimerism from PERV infection is critical for patient safety.
- This knowledge is foundational for upcoming human xenotransplantation trials.
