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Functionally gradient three-dimensional graphene foam-based polymeric scaffolds for multilayered tissue regeneration.

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This study developed a novel triple-layered graphene foam scaffold to mimic native tooth periodontium tissues. The advanced biomaterial shows potential for enhanced multilayered tissue regeneration.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Biofabrication

Background:

  • Multilayered tissue engineering requires scaffolds with organized geometry and biomechanics.
  • Graphene foams (GFs) offer biocompatibility and extracellular matrix-like properties but lack tissue-level organization.
  • Homogeneous polymer reinforcement in GFs hinders the development of complex, native-like tissue structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer a triple-layered graphene foam scaffold that mimics the native periodontium structure.
  • To address layer separation issues in multilayered tissue scaffolds.
  • To create a biomimetic scaffold for enhanced multilayered tissue regeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a 3D graphene foam matrix reinforced sequentially with polycaprolactone (PCL), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and PCL-hydroxyapatite (HA).
  • Sequential reinforcement using spin coating, vacuum, and hot air drying, followed by PVA dissolution to create distinct layers.
  • Characterization using scanning electron microscopy, micro-computed tomography, nanoindentation, tensile testing, and MTT assay with MG63 cells.

Main Results:

  • The scaffold exhibited a triple-layered structure mimicking cementum, periodontal fibers, and alveolar bone with differential porosities.
  • Mechanical properties (nanoindentation and tensile testing) closely matched those of native periodontal tissues.
  • MG63 cells demonstrated high adhesion and proliferation rates within the 3D scaffold, indicating excellent biocompatibility.

Conclusions:

  • The developed triple-layered graphene foam scaffold successfully mimics the native periodontium's structure and mechanical properties.
  • This biomimetic scaffold overcomes layer separation issues and shows significant potential for enhancing multilayered tissue regeneration.
  • The findings suggest broad applicability for regenerating various complex, native multilayered tissues.