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Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is...
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The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the...
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Effects of language background on executive function: Transfer across task and modality.

Yeonwoo Kim1, Zixuan Ye2, Zachary Leventhal2,3

  • 1Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.

Frontiers in Psychology
|January 23, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Task modality significantly impacts cognitive function comparisons between monolingual and multilingual individuals. Performance differences emerge based on how closely lab tasks mirror real-world language use, suggesting embodiment influences results.

Keywords:
bilingualcognitionexecutive functionmodalityswitch costs

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Science
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • The relationship between linguistic experience and cognitive function is debated, with conflicting findings on bilingual advantages or disadvantages.
  • Inconsistent results may stem from diverse bilingual populations and varied experimental tasks.
  • Task demands in transferring real-world language use to laboratory settings are a potential source of inconsistency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how task modality influences cognitive performance differences between monolingual and multilingual individuals.
  • To explore the role of 'distance of transfer'—the proximity of laboratory tasks to everyday language experience—in explaining performance variations.
  • To propose embodiment as a framework for understanding linguistic production and comprehension in relation to task manipulations.

Main Methods:

  • Comparison of performance between monolingual and multilingual participants.
  • Manipulation of task modality (visual, audio, orthographic) within the same experimental paradigm.
  • Analysis of how task modality affects observed similarities or differences in performance.

Main Results:

  • Task modality (visual, audio, orthographic) significantly altered performance patterns between monolingual and multilingual groups.
  • The same task could reveal either similarities or differences in performance contingent upon the modality used.
  • Performance variations were linked to the 'distance of transfer' from lived language experience to the experimental task.

Conclusions:

  • Task modality is a critical factor in studies comparing cognitive functions of monolingual and multilingual individuals.
  • The concept of 'distance of transfer' helps explain why performance can vary even with the same core task.
  • Embodiment offers a valuable theoretical lens for conceptualizing language processing and its connection to experimental task design.