Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 12, 2025
Author Spotlight: Investigating Immune Cell Dynamics in the Tumor Microenvironment — Challenges and Innovations in Cancer Prognosis
Published on: April 12, 2024
Prognostic factors for long-term outcome in bifocal hepatocellular carcinoma after resection
Fei Wu1,2, Haitao Sun1,2, Changwu Zhou1,2,3
1Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Objectives:
This study aimed to evaluate whether the radiological similarity and clinicopathological factors determine the prognosis in bifocal hepatocellular carcinoma (bHCC) stratified by the Milan criteria.
Methods:
Consecutive patients with pathologically confirmed bHCC examined between January 2016 and December 2018 were retrospectively enrolled and grouped based on the Milan criteria. Two radiologists independently evaluated whether the imaging features of both tumors were consistent or not, which was defined as the radiological similarity. The clinicopathological data were also collected. The multivariable Cox regression was applied to separately identify the independent factors for recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) in bHCC within and beyond the Milan criteria.
Results:
A total of 193 patients were evaluated and divided into the within the Milan criteria group (n = 72) and the beyond the Milan criteria group (n = 121). bHCC within the Milan criteria showed a significantly better prognosis than those beyond the criteria. In the within the Milan criteria group, HBV-DNA load >104 IU/mL, microvascular invasion (MVI), and different enhancement patterns were independently associated with poor RFS. MVI was an independent prognostic factor for poor OS. In the beyond the Milan criteria group, HBV infection, MVI, increased ratio of the larger to the smaller tumor diameter (RLSD) value, and low comprehensive similarity were associated with shorter RFS, whereas MVI and increased RLSD value were independent predictors for poor OS.
Conclusions:
Our study revealed that in addition to MVI- and HBV-related factors, similarity in imaging features between lesions of bHCC is associated with the long-term prognosis.
Key Points:
• The prognosis of bifocal HCC patients within the Milan criteria is significantly better than those beyond the criteria. • The similarity in imaging features between lesions of bHCC was an independent prognostic factor. • The more similar the bifocal lesions are in imaging features, the better the prognosis is.
