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Introduction to Scalers01:21

Introduction to Scalers

Many familiar physical quantities can be specified completely by giving a single number and the appropriate unit. For example, "a class period lasts 50 min," or "the gas tank in my car holds 65 L," or "the distance between the two posts is 100 m." A physical quantity that can be specified completely in this manner is called a scalar quantity. The word "scalar" is a synonym for "number." Time, mass, distance, length, volume, temperature, and energy are some examples of scalar quantities.
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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing
14:13

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Pixel-Based Swallow Measurements: Correcting Nonsquare Pixels.

Deirdre Larsen1,2, Takeshi Ikuma2,3, Luisa Neubig4

  • 1Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.

Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : JSLHR
|January 30, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nonsquare pixels in videofluoroscopic swallow studies (VFSS) significantly affect measurements. Adjusting for pixel aspect ratio (PAR) is crucial for accurate VFSS analysis and comparability.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Speech-Language Pathology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Videofluoroscopic swallow studies (VFSS) are essential for assessing swallowing disorders.
  • Pixel-based measurements in VFSS are widely used but can be affected by video characteristics.
  • Nonsquare pixels in video data can introduce variability in quantitative analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To illustrate the impact of nonsquare pixels on pixel-based measures in VFSS.
  • To highlight the importance of accounting for pixel aspect ratio (PAR) in VFSS analysis.
  • To provide a roadmap for preventing measurement errors related to PAR.

Main Methods:

  • Six pixel-based distance and area measures were collected from VFSS videos.
  • Videos were analyzed in their original format (nonsquare pixels) and after pixel squaring.
  • Two different VFSS units with varying PARs and sample conditions were used.

Main Results:

  • Significant multivariate effects were observed between original and squared video types.
  • Variability in pixel-based measures ranged from 0.1% to 9.1% with a maximum effect size of 7.43.
  • The interaction between video type and sample (PAR, tilt angle) also showed significant effects.

Conclusions:

  • Disregarding PAR in VFSS can lead to significant errors in distance and area measurements.
  • A multilevel roadmap is proposed, emphasizing PAR identification during planning and prescaling during analysis.
  • Addressing PAR is vital for improving the precision, stability, and comparability of VFSS findings.