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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
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Circadian rhythms are cyclic changes that are crucial in plasma drug concentrations. Various standard circadian parameters, including core body temperature, heart rate, and other cardiovascular factors, directly impact disease states and the therapeutic response to drug therapy.
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects...
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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
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Monitoring Cell-autonomous Circadian Clock Rhythms of Gene Expression Using Luciferase Bioluminescence Reporters
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Monkeypox virus replication underlying circadian rhythm networks.

Milad Zandi1, Maryam Shafaati2, Paul Shapshak3

  • 1Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Miladzandi416@gmail.com.

Journal of Neurovirology
|January 31, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The mammalian circadian clock influences immune responses and viral infection severity. Understanding these host-pathogen interactions is crucial for managing viral outbreaks and optimizing treatments.

Keywords:
ChronobiologyCircadian clocksClinical treatmentInfectionMedicationMonkeypoxRhythmsVaccinationVirus

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Chronobiology
  • Virology

Background:

  • The mammalian brain contains a central circadian clock regulating cellular activities and immune responses.
  • Circadian rhythms impact host tolerance, adaptation to environmental changes, and the effectiveness of medical treatments.
  • Recent viral pandemics highlight the need to understand circadian influences on viral infections and host immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the significance of the host circadian clock in the context of monkeypox infection.
  • To explore the interactions between the circadian system and the immune response during viral infections.
  • To identify knowledge gaps and research priorities for managing viral outbreaks.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on circadian biology and viral pathogenesis.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms linking circadian rhythms to immune function.
  • Discussion of clinical implications for disease management and therapeutic interventions.

Main Results:

  • Circadian rhythms modulate the expression of immune-related genes and influence the severity of viral infections.
  • Host tolerance pathways and seasonal antiviral responses are under circadian control.
  • Vaccine efficacy and drug pharmacokinetics can exhibit time-dependent variations.

Conclusions:

  • The host circadian clock plays a critical role in antiviral defense and disease progression.
  • Further research into circadian-immune interactions is essential for effective clinical management of viral diseases like monkeypox.
  • Understanding circadian rhythms can inform strategies for vaccination and therapeutic interventions against emerging viral threats.