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Anellovirus evolution during long-term chronic infection.

Joanna Kaczorowska1,2, Anne L Timmerman1,2, Martin Deijs1,2

  • 1Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.

Virus Evolution
|February 2, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Human anelloviruses (AVs) evolve rapidly within hosts over 30 years. Their hypervariable region (HVR) drives immune evasion and viral diversity, impacting long-term persistence.

Keywords:
anellomeanellovirusgenetic variabilityselection pressureviral swarmvirus evolution

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Human anelloviruses (AVs) exhibit high genetic diversity and cause chronic infections.
  • The evolutionary trajectory of AVs within a single host and its effect on persistence remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary dynamics of six AV lineages over 30 years in a single host.
  • To determine if observed evolutionary changes influence the long-term persistence of AVs.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal analysis of six human anellovirus lineages over three decades.
  • High-resolution tracking of genetic substitutions and selection pressures within the ORF1 gene.

Main Results:

  • AV lineages showed increasing substitutions and variable sites over time, forming heterogeneous swarms.
  • Most substitutions concentrated in the hypervariable region (HVR) of ORF1, indicating diversifying selection.
  • Purifying selection predominated outside the HVR, suggesting functional constraints.

Conclusions:

  • The HVR acts as an immunological decoy, potentially facilitating immune evasion.
  • Rapid evolution in the HVR may enhance AVs' ability to escape host immune recognition and ensure long-term persistence.