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Three-dimensional liquid foam flow through a hopper resolved by fast X-ray microtomography.

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Liquid foam flow through constrictions shows complex behavior. Elastic stresses emerge in divergent flow, especially with less liquid, due to bubble shape changes.

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Materials science
  • Soft matter physics

Background:

  • Liquid foams exhibit complex rheological properties.
  • Understanding foam flow in confined geometries is crucial for industrial applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the rheological behavior of liquid foams in a conical constriction.
  • To quantify bubble dynamics and stress development during flow.

Main Methods:

  • Fast X-ray tomographic microscopy was used to observe bubble displacement and deformation.
  • Systematic variation of foam liquid fraction, bubble size, and flow direction (convergent vs. divergent).

Main Results:

  • Deviations from purely viscous flow were observed.
  • An asymmetry in flow behavior between convergent and divergent paths was identified.
  • Elastic stresses emerged in divergent flow, increasing as liquid fraction decreased.

Conclusions:

  • Bubble reorientation from prolate to oblate shapes in the constriction contributes to elastic stress.
  • Foam rheology is significantly influenced by confinement and flow direction.