Mechanisms of rabies virus neutralization by glycoprotein-specific monoclonal antibodies

Incubation of radiolabeled rabies virus with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) resulted in complete neutralization of the virus but only partial inhibition of virus binding to, and internalization by, BHK cells. Several of the neutralizing MAbs were capable of preventing infection after virus adsorption to cells; up to 30% of the bound virus was released when cells containing adsorbed virus were incubated with these MAbs at 4 degrees, indicating that the release of bound virus accounts only in part for the neutralization of adsorbed virus. To study the mechanism of neutralization of cell-bound virus, temperature shift experiments were carried out to follow the fate of neutralized cell-adsorbed virus at 37 degrees. Treatment of infected cells with each of the tested neutralizing MAbs had no effect on virus uptake at 37 degrees and the MAbs were endocytosed together with the virus; however, the ability of some of the MAbs to neutralize cell-adsorbed rabies virus correlated with the fusion inhibition activity of these MAbs. We hypothesize from these data that these MAbs neutralize rabies virus by inhibiting the intraendosomal acid-catalyzed fusion step that leads to virus uncoating.