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Related Concept Videos

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
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Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume01:11

Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume

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Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It represents the volume of blood that the left or right ventricle ejects into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. The CO is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR)—the number of heartbeats per minute—by the stroke volume (SV)—the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.
In an average resting adult male, the typical cardiac...
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Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

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The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send...
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Heart Failure VI: Adjunct Therapies01:22

Heart Failure VI: Adjunct Therapies

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Additional therapies for treating patients with heart failure (HF) may include procedural interventions, supplemental oxygen, the management of sleep disorders, and nutritional therapy.Procedural InterventionsImplantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator: For patients at risk of life-threatening arrhythmias due to severe left ventricular dysfunction, an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD) can detect and terminate these arrhythmias, preventing sudden cardiac death and improving survival rates.
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Cardiomyopathy V: Interprofessional Care01:29

Cardiomyopathy V: Interprofessional Care

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Managing cardiomyopathy involves addressing underlying or precipitating causes, treating heart failure with medications, and implementing dietary changes and a balanced exercise and rest regimen.Lifestyle ModificationsCardiomyopathy patients should adopt a low-sodium diet to reduce fluid retention and manage heart failure. A personalized exercise and rest plan helps maintain physical fitness without overstraining the heart. Avoiding alcohol and tobacco is essential to prevent further damage to...
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Exercise and Cardiac Output01:17

Exercise and Cardiac Output

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Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, with aerobic exercises being particularly effective. According to the American Heart Association, 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic exercise per week is recommended for a healthy heart. Aerobic activities may include brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming, ideally performed three to five times per week.
Sustained exercise increases the muscles' oxygen demand, which can be...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 12, 2025

Use of a Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Device/Left Atrium to Femoral Artery Bypass System for Cardiogenic Shock
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Interventricular-Septal Output While Supported on Left Ventricular Assist Device Therapy.

Sara S Inglis1, Mauricio T Villavicencio2, Philip J Spencer2

  • 1From the Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Rochester, MN.

ASAIO Journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992)
|February 2, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Interventricular septal output (ISO) changes after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation can predict right ventricular (RV) failure. A significant decrease in ISO post-implantation is linked to increased risk of RV dysfunction and failure.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Mechanical Circulatory Support
  • Echocardiography

Background:

  • Left ventricular unloading by LVADs impacts septal function, but in vivo effects on RV function are not well understood.
  • Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction and failure are significant complications following LVAD implantation.
  • Mechanical ventricular interdependence plays a role in RV function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate septal function markers using echocardiography in relation to RV dysfunction and late RV failure post-LVAD.
  • To assess the predictive value of interventricular septal output (ISO) for RV failure.
  • To characterize the dynamic changes in septal function after LVAD implantation.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 110 patients with centrifugal-flow LVADs over 10 years.
  • Echocardiographic data collected pre-operatively and up to 2 years post-implantation.
  • Calculation of Interventricular Septal Output (ISO) using end-systole and end-diastole IVS measurements and heart rate.

Main Results:

  • Immediate reduction in RV systolic velocity (RVS') and TAPSE post-LVAD (p < 0.0001).
  • Gradual decrease in ISO over time (p < 0.0001).
  • A ≥25% decrease in ISO from pre-implant to discharge predicted late RV failure (OR 4.8; p=0.012), independent of other variables.

Conclusions:

  • Measurement of ISO may serve as a valuable marker for assessing RV dysfunction post-LVAD.
  • ISO changes can help predict RV failure in patients with LVADs.
  • Understanding septal function dynamics is crucial for managing RV complications after LVAD implantation.