Artificial Intelligence-Augmented Electrocardiogram in Determining Sex: Correlation with Sex Hormone Levels.
Jwan A Naser1, Francisco Lopez-Jimenez2, Alice Y Chang3
1Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
Mayo Clinic Proceedings
|February 2, 2023
Summary
Artificial intelligence-augmented electrocardiograms (AI-ECG) can predict sex hormone levels. Lower total testosterone and higher estradiol were observed with decreasing AI-ECG male probability in both sexes, suggesting ECG as a potential biomarker.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Endocrinology
- Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Background:
- Sex hormones, including total testosterone (TT) and estradiol (E2), play crucial roles in various physiological processes.
- Electrocardiograms (ECGs) are standard diagnostic tools in cardiology.
- Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being applied to medical data, including ECG analysis.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the correlation between sex probability derived from AI-augmented ECGs and measured sex hormone levels (TT and E2).
- To determine if AI-ECG can serve as a non-invasive biomarker for hormone status.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective analysis of adult patients with available ECGs and sex hormone levels (TT or E2) from 2000-2020.
- An AI-ECG model was used to generate a male sex probability score (0.0-1.0) from ECG data.
- Correlation and comparative analyses were performed between AI-ECG probability categories and hormone levels.
Main Results:
- A moderate positive correlation was found between TT levels and AI-ECG male sex probability (r=0.46, P<.001).
- Subjects with low AI-ECG male probability exhibited lower TT and higher E2 levels compared to those with high probability, across both sexes.
- Discordant AI-ECG sex probability and hormone levels were associated with significantly different TT or E2 levels.
Conclusions:
- AI-ECG-derived male sex probability is associated with circulating levels of total testosterone and estradiol in both men and women.
- The findings suggest that AI-ECG analysis holds potential as a non-invasive biomarker for assessing sex hormone status.
- Further research is warranted to explore the clinical utility of AI-ECG in endocrinology and related fields.
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