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Related Concept Videos

Brainstem01:19

Brainstem

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The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
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Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla01:21

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The medulla oblongata is a crucial part of the brainstem responsible for controlling various autonomic and involuntary functions. It contains several nuclei, including the olivary, cuneate, gracile, and solitary nuclei.
Olivary Nucleus
The olivary nucleus, or inferior olivary nucleus, is located within the ventrolateral part of the medulla oblongata. It is primarily involved in motor coordination and motor learning. The olivary nucleus receives input from the spinal cord, cerebellum, and motor...
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Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

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The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...
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Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...
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Neural Control of Respiration01:18

Neural Control of Respiration

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The neural regulation of respiration is a meticulously coordinated process primarily controlled by the respiratory centers located within the brainstem. These centers, composed of specialized neurons, transmit nerve impulses that control the contraction and relaxation of our respiratory muscles.
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Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions01:17

Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions

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The cerebellum, also known as the "little brain," is located in the posterior cranial fossa, inferior to the tentorium cerebelli and dorsal to the brainstem. It plays a significant role in motor control, coordination, and proprioception.
Cerebellar Structure
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 11, 2025

Recording Gamma Band Oscillations in Pedunculopontine Nucleus Neurons
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Recording Gamma Band Oscillations in Pedunculopontine Nucleus Neurons

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Suprapontine Structures Modulate Brainstem and Spinal Networks.

Atiyeh Mohammadshirazi1,2, Rosamaria Apicella1,2, Benjamín A Zylberberg3

  • 1Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy.

Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology
|February 2, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Supraspinal centers modulate respiratory and locomotor networks in neonatal rodents. This study introduces a novel isolated central nervous system preparation to investigate brainstem and spinal cord development and function.

Keywords:
DecerebrationFictive locomotionFictive respirationIsolated central nervous systemLeg attachedMotor-evoked potentialsTissue oxygenation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Spinal motor output and rhythmic behaviors are influenced by supraspinal structures.
  • The precise role of these structures in neonatal respiratory and locomotor networks needs further clarification.
  • Existing isolated brainstem and spinal network preparations do not capture the whole central nervous system (CNS).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the contribution of supraspinal structures to neonatal neuronal networks for respiration and locomotion.
  • To introduce and validate a novel in vitro preparation of the entire isolated CNS from neonatal rodents.
  • To investigate the modulatory effects of suprapontine centers on brainstem and spinal microcircuits during development.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an in vitro preparation of the entire isolated CNS from neonatal rodents.
  • Simultaneously recorded respiratory rhythms from cervical and lumbar ventral roots (VRs).
  • Used electrical stimulation of brainstem sites and dorsal roots (DRs), oximetry, histology, and serial ablations.

Main Results:

  • Electrical stimulation of brainstem evoked distinct VR responses with staggered onset.
  • Ventrolateral medulla (VLM) stimulation yielded more homolateral VR events; DR stimulation showed ascending pathways.
  • Decerebration altered respiratory rhythm and spinal reflexes; pontobulbar transection affected frequency and duration; hindlimb stimulation induced respiratory rhythm; VLM or DR stimulation evoked fictive locomotion (FL).

Conclusions:

  • Suprapontine centers significantly regulate spontaneous respiratory rhythms, electrically evoked reflexes, and spinal network activity in developing rodents.
  • The novel isolated CNS preparation provides a valuable tool for studying brain influences on brainstem and spinal circuits.
  • This approach advances understanding of neural network development and functional integration during early life stages.