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In pipe flow measurement, orifice, nozzle, and Venturi meters are commonly used to determine fluid flowrates by constricting the flow area, which increases fluid velocity and reduces pressure. This pressure difference, governed by Bernoulli's principle and adjusted for real-world conditions, is essential for calculating flowrate. Each meter type is suited to specific applications based on accuracy, efficiency, and compatibility with various flow conditions.
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A spray tank system is engineered to uniformly distribute a pest-control liquid across plants by using a pressurized mechanism. The tank, pressurized to 150 kPa, holds the pesticide at a height of 0.80 meters. Liquid flows from the tank through a 1.9 meter pipe with a diameter of 0.015 meters, angled at 0.698 radians, ultimately reaching a 0.007 meter nozzle that sprays the pesticide. Accurate calculation of the system's flow rate is crucial to ensure uniform application, and this is...
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A constant pressure flowmeter for extreme-high vacuum.

S Eckel1, D S Barker1, J Fedchak1

  • 1Sensor Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a novel constant-pressure flowmeter for ultra-low flow rates down to 2 × 10-13 mol/s. The device achieves high accuracy with minimal uncertainty, validated against a NIST standard.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Metrology
  • Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Accurate measurement of ultra-low flow rates is critical for various scientific and industrial applications.
  • Existing flowmeter technologies often lack the sensitivity and precision required for sub-nanomole per second measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the operation of a novel constant-pressure flowmeter.
  • To achieve accurate generation and measurement of flow rates as low as 2 × 10-13 mol/s.
  • To quantify the uncertainty and validate performance against a national standard.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a small conductance element (C ≈ 50 nL/s) for flow generation.
  • Employed low outgassing materials (< 1 × 10-15 mol/s) and small volume changes (≈ 70 μL) for accurate measurement.
  • Conducted a detailed analysis of the hydraulic system, including the effects of oil compressibility.

Main Results:

  • Successfully operated a constant-pressure flowmeter at flow rates down to 2 × 10-13 mol/s.
  • Achieved a type-B uncertainty of < 0.2 % (k = 1) across the operating range.
  • Demonstrated agreement within 0.5 % (k = 2) when compared to a NIST standard flowmeter.

Conclusions:

  • The developed flowmeter offers unprecedented accuracy and precision for ultra-low flow measurements.
  • The design addresses key challenges including low outgassing and minimal volume changes.
  • This technology has significant implications for fields requiring precise control and measurement of minute fluid quantities.