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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

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The Artificial Pancreas and Type 1 Diabetes.

Munachiso Nwokolo¹, Roman Hovorka¹

¹Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

|February 3, 2023

Summary

Advanced diabetes technology, including insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitors, significantly improves type 1 diabetes management. Closed-loop systems automate insulin delivery, enhancing patient outcomes and reducing the burden of constant glucose monitoring.

Keywords:

artificial pancreas automated insulin delivery hybrid closed-loop type 1 diabetes

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A Method for Mouse Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Intracellular cAMP Determination

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Published on: June 25, 2014

Area of Science:

Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases
Biomedical Engineering
Digital Health

Background:

Type 1 diabetes management traditionally requires intensive self-monitoring and insulin adjustments.
Technological advancements offer a paradigm shift towards automated glycemic control.
Existing diabetes technologies include continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) pumps and continuous glucose monitors (CGM).

Approach:

Review of current diabetes technologies, focusing on artificial pancreas or closed-loop systems.
Analysis of the integration of CSII, CGM, and control algorithms.
Evaluation of hybrid closed-loop systems and emerging fully closed-loop and dual-hormone systems.

Key Points:

CSII and CGM improve HbA1c, time in range, and reduce hypoglycemia and diabetes distress.
Closed-loop systems automate insulin delivery, improving physiological and psychosocial outcomes.
Hybrid closed-loop systems are commercially available, while fully closed-loop systems show promise in research.

Conclusions:

Diabetes technologies, particularly closed-loop systems, offer significant benefits for type 1 diabetes care.
Clinical adoption is nascent, with ongoing challenges in equitable access for patients and providers.
Further navigation of regulatory and healthcare landscapes is crucial for widespread implementation.