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Related Concept Videos

Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy01:19

Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy

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The cranial nerves are an important part of the complex network of nerves in the human body. These nerves emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for transmitting essential information between the brain and various parts of the head and neck. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, systematically numbered using Roman numerals from I to XII, beginning from the anterior and moving to the posterior of the brain. Each cranial nerve is uniquely identified by names that reflect its function...
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Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
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Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

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The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 11, 2025

Author Spotlight: Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans
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Craniosynostosis: Are Online Resources Readable?

Luke Soliman1, Paul Soliman1, Benjamin Gallo Marin1

  • 1Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.

The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal : Official Publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association
|February 6, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Online craniosynostosis information is too complex for caregivers, averaging a 13th-grade reading level. This exceeds guidelines from the American Medical Association (AMA) and National Institutes of Health (NIH), hindering patient understanding.

Keywords:
craniosynostosisliteracyreadability

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Information Accessibility
  • Health Literacy
  • Craniosynostosis Patient Education

Background:

  • Caregivers of craniosynostosis patients require accessible online health information.
  • Current online resources may present readability challenges for the general public.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the readability of online craniosynostosis materials for caregivers.
  • To compare readability levels against American Medical Association (AMA) and National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommendations.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study simulated caregiver internet searches for craniosynostosis.
  • Readability of the top 30 search results was assessed using Flesch-Kincaid, Gunning fog, SMOG, and Coleman Liau indices.
  • Content was categorized by author type (hospital, health organization, academic, other).

Main Results:

  • The average readability level was 12.8th grade, significantly above recommended levels.
  • No significant differences in readability were found across different author types or indices.
  • None of the analyzed materials met the AMA or NIH recommended reading levels.

Conclusions:

  • Online craniosynostosis information is written at an average college-level reading difficulty.
  • This level is substantially higher than the recommended sixth-grade level for optimal comprehension.
  • There is a critical need to improve the readability of online health resources for craniosynostosis patients and their families.