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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 11, 2025

Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2
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T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2.

Alessandro Sette1,2, John Sidney1, Shane Crotty1,2

  • 1Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA; email: alex@lji.org, shane@lji.org.

Annual Review of Immunology
|February 7, 2023
PubMed
Summary

T cell responses are crucial for controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection and reducing COVID-19 severity. Both infection and vaccination elicit sustained T cell memory, which remains largely effective against variants.

Keywords:
COVID-19disease severityepitopesinfectionvaccinationvariants

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Extensive research over the past 2.5 years has focused on T cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2.
  • T cell responses are induced by both infection and vaccination, exhibiting polyfunctionality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination.
  • To identify remaining knowledge gaps in T cell immunology related to COVID-19.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes evidence from numerous studies on T cell immunity.
  • Analysis includes data from human subjects and animal models.

Main Results:

  • Early T cell responses correlate with milder COVID-19 outcomes.
  • T cell memory is sustained for at least six months post-vaccination.
  • CD4 and CD8 T cell responses are largely preserved against SARS-CoV-2 variants, unlike neutralizing antibodies.

Conclusions:

  • T cell responses play a significant role in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection and mitigating disease severity.
  • While antibodies prevent infection, T cells are vital for managing the disease.
  • Understanding T cell dynamics is essential for vaccine development and therapeutic strategies.