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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

14.4K
Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

2.3K
Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent...
2.3K
Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

1.2K
Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

18.5K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
18.5K
Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

9.8K
The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...
9.8K

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Updated: Aug 11, 2025

On-Chip Crystallization and Large-Scale Serial Diffraction at Room Temperature
07:42

On-Chip Crystallization and Large-Scale Serial Diffraction at Room Temperature

Published on: March 11, 2022

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Solid phase crystallization of amorphous silicon at the two-dimensional limit.

Daya S Dhungana1, Eleonora Bonaventura1,2, Christian Martella1

  • 1CNR-IMM Unit of Agrate Brianza Agrate Brianza I-20864 Italy cgrazianetti@mdm.imm.cnr.it alessandro.molle@mdm.imm.cnr.it.

Nanoscale Advances
|February 9, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel 2D Solid Phase Crystallization (SPC) method to create crystalline silicon pixels on an amorphous silicon matrix. This process occurs below 450°C, aligning with Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) thermal budgets.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Solid-State Physics

Background:

  • Two-dimensional (2D) silicon, particularly silicene on Ag(111), has garnered significant research interest.
  • Exploring alternative 2D silicon allotropes beyond silicene is crucial for technological applications.
  • Existing methods often require thermal budgets exceeding those compatible with Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Back-End-of-Line (BEOL) processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate a 2D Solid Phase Crystallization (SPC) technique for synthesizing crystalline silicon (Si) from an amorphous Si precursor.
  • To achieve crystalline Si formation at temperatures compatible with CMOS BEOL thermal budgets (below 450 °C).
  • To demonstrate the ability to selectively pattern crystalline Si pixels within an amorphous Si matrix using this 2D-SPC approach.

Main Methods:

  • Growth of amorphous silicon (a-Si) on a Ag(111) substrate at atomic coverage.
  • Post-growth annealing below 450 °C to induce 2D Solid Phase Crystallization (SPC).
  • Utilizing the 2D-SPC scheme to create patterned crystalline Si pixels.
  • In situ and ex situ characterization techniques to analyze the resulting structures.

Main Results:

  • Successful formation of a crystalline Si layer via 2D SPC from amorphous Si on Ag(111) below 450 °C.
  • Demonstration of writing and isolating crystalline Si pixels within an amorphous Si matrix.
  • Characterization revealed the formation of an in-plane interface or lateral heterojunction between amorphous and crystalline Si regions.
  • The process facilitates an amorphous-to-crystalline phase transformation in 2D silicon.

Conclusions:

  • 2D SPC offers a viable pathway for fabricating crystalline silicon compatible with low-temperature semiconductor manufacturing processes.
  • The ability to pattern crystalline Si pixels opens possibilities for novel 2D silicon-based device architectures.
  • This method suggests that 2D silicon can be formed through epitaxial growth followed by thermal self-organization.